Read the information about oil use. Add the facts about the use of oil which you know. Discuss them with your partner
Oil Use
As a fuel, oil is used primarily in the form of gasoline and diesel to power vehicles. Thus it is the source of our mobility.
Almost all cars, trucks, buses, boats, trains and planes run on oil. Significant amounts are also used to power portable devices and stationery engines.
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48 Read and translate the sample memorandum below in order to learn how to compose one:
MEMORANDUM
TO: Assistant Secretary — Land and Minerals Management
THROUGH: (Name)
Assistant Secretary — Water and Science
FROM: (Name)
Director, U.S. Geological Survey
SUBJECT: Memorandum Addressed to an Assistant Secretary (other than Water and Science)
Correspondence addressed to assistant secretaries other than our Assistant Secretary for Water and Science (AS/WS) should be routed through AS/WS. Correspondence directed to other departmental bureau heads that is of a technical or routine nature need not be routed through AS/WS, but rather should be sent directly to those bureaus with copies to AS/WS when appropriate.
Omit the sender’s reference («In Reply Refer To:» block), as the Department does not want any correspondence requiring a secretarial signature, concurrence, or approval to contain this reference. Because this memorandum requires the signature of the Assistant Secretary on the «Through:» line, we have omitted the «In Reply Refer To:» block.
We have included «U.S. Geological Survey» (USGS) on the «From:» line of this memorandum, since it is addressed to an office outside the USGS. Should the «Through:» line have included additional addressee(s), «Assistant Secretary — Water and Science» would have been typed below the other addressee(s).
Attachment
(Type on file copies only)
cc: Sec Surname (Yellow letterhead with copy of incoming and attachment)
ES (White letterhead — xerox, with copy of incoming and attachment)
AS/WS (White letterhead — xerox, with copy of incoming and attachment)
Director’s File — MS 114 (White letterhead — xerox with copy of incoming and attachment)
Director’s Chron — MS 114 (White letterhead — xerox w/o copy of incoming and attachment)
Official File — MS xxx (Letterhead — xerox with copy of incoming and attachment)
Other File Copies (as appropriate)
USGS: Water: DTWilliams: cls: 8/12/2xxx: (703)648-xxxx: ACCN#2001xxxx: file name
49. Here is the sample of memorandum. Look through it in order to compose your own:
MEMORANDUM
DATE:
TO: Linda A. Suydam, D.P.A. Senior Associate Commissioner Food and Drug AdministrationTHROUGH: Jenny Slaughter Team Leader, Ethics Staff Division of Management Programmes, OHRMSFROM: John Treacy Director, Advisors and Consultants Staff Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchSUBJECT: Conflict of Interest Waiver for Michael Smith, M.D.I am writing to request a waiver for Michael Smith, M.D., a member of the Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee, from the conflict of interest prohibitions of 18 U.S.C. section 208(a). Waivers under section 208(b)(3) may be granted by the appointing official where «the need for the individual's services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest created by the financial interest involved» and where the individual has made a disclosure of the financial interests at issue. We have determined that you are the appointing official for purposes of section 208. Therefore, you have the authority to grant Dr. Smith a waiver under section 208(b)(3).
Section 208(a) prohibits Federal executive branch employees, including special Government employees.
CONCURRENCE:_ Jenny Slaughter Date Team Leader, Ethics Staff Division of Management Programmes, OHRMSDECISION:Waiver granted based on my determination, made in accordance with section 208(b)(3), that the need for the individual's services outweighs the potential for a conflict of interest created by the ____ Waiver denied.____ Linda A. Suydam, D.P.A. Date Senior Associate Commissioner Food and Drug Administration
WRITING PRACTICE
50. Write a Memorandum according to the scheme:
TO:
FROM:
DATE:
RE:
STATUTES INVOLVED:
QUESTIONS PRESENTED:
STATEMENT OF FACTS:
DISCUSSION:
CONCLUSION:
51. Read the following text carefully in order to discover the main line of thought and make a plan for writing a short summary:
Gas processing equipment, whether in the field or at processing/treatment plants, assures that these tariff requirements can be met. While in most cases processing facilities extract contaminants and heavy hydrocarbons from the gas stream, in some cases they instead blend some heavy hydrocarbons into the gas stream in order to bring it within acceptable Btu* levels.
For instance, in some areas coalbed methane production falls below the pipeline’s Btu standard, in which case a blend of higher btu-content natural gas or a propane-air mixture is injected to enrich its heat content (Btu) prior to delivery to the pipeline. In other instances, such as at LNG import facilities where the heat content of the regasified gas may be too high for pipeline receipt, vaporized nitrogen may be injected into the natural gas stream to lower its Btu content.
In recent years, as natural gas pricing has transitioned from a volume basis (per thousand cubic feet) to a heat-content basis (per million Btu), producers have tended, for economic reasons, to increase the Btu content of the gas delivered into the pipeline grid while decreasing the amount of natural gas liquids extracted from the natural gas stream.
Notes on the text
Btu - British thermal unit - британская тепловая единица
UNIT 12
| Pre-Text Exercises: Word Building Active Vocabulary Text 12 A. Water Pollution Text 12 B. Water Distribution Text 12 C. Water Purification Text 12 D. Freezing Salt Water to Produce Fresh Water Text And Vocabulary Exercises Conversational Practice The Memorandum Writing Practice |
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
1. Look at the following international words, guess their meaning and check the pronunciation:
Ocean, organism, toxic chemicals, defect, category, pesticides, herbicides, absorb, plankton, reproductive problems, nitrates, syndrome
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct prepositions:
1. We cannot give the answer at once. We must think it ___.
2. Where do you see him? ___ there, in the distance.
3. If you wake me ___ early I’ll be grateful to you.
4. This man seemed very familiar ___ me but I couldn’t recall him.
5. I subscribed ___ ‘The Times’ last week.
6. She filled the glass ___ cold milk and drank it.
7. My house is ___ repair and we live in this hotel.
8. It goes ___ saying that she cooks meals.
9. Look at this dress. It is ___ fashion and looks awful.
10. She apologized ___ him for stepping on his toe.
3. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases in English:
underground water; living things; harmful microorganisms; drinking water; polluted water; to be poisonous; distillation; to purify water
4. Fill in the gaps with the suitable word to complete the sentences:
1. Fresh water is an ___ ingredient of modern life.
| essential | accidental | unessential | immaterial |
2. In some countries where rain water is scarce, desalinated sea water is the main source of ___ water.
| poisonous | drinking | detrimental | unhealthy |
3. Any extraction process that ___ water must separate water molecules from contaminating liquids, solids, or gases.
| pollutes | stains | purifies | soils |
4. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that ___ water quality.
| improve | ameliorate | make better | degrade |
5. The world's ocean destruction is the result of man's ___ interaction with nature.
| careful | cautious | careless | solicitous |
5. BRAINSTORMING. What is your understanding of the words below? Give examples:
| § Water pollution | § Chemical materials |
| § Petroleum products | § Pesticides and herbicides |
WORD BUILDING
6. Make nouns from the following verbs by adding the suffixes:
| to contain | to require | to survive | to pollute |
| to manufacture | to produce | to collect | to concentrate |
| to contaminate | to estimate | to separate | to extract |
| to purify | to condense | to move | to present |
7. Guess the meaning of the words in bold type:
Harm — harmful — harmless; pollute – pollution; safe – unsafe; ill – illness; lubricate – lubrication; accident – accidental; poison – poisonous; wanted – unwanted; protect – protection; fertilize – fertilizer; nature – natural; new – newly; evaporate – evaporation; saturate — saturation
8. Define to what parts of speech the following words belong and translate them. Define which words in the list are complex words:
Poisonous; addition; harmful; polychlorinated; biphenyl; unwanted; suburban; rainwater; runoff; lavishly; biodegradable; nonbiodegradable; dangerous; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; concentration; biomagnification; reproductive; widespread; agricultural; environmental; protection; fertilizer; runoff; coincidence; centrifugal; cylindrical; impeller; outward; turnstile; inward; high-pressure; incompressible; necessarily; conservation; cross-section; downhill; abruptly; imbalance; one-way; measurement; arrangement; downstream; gravitational; atmospheric; downward; impure; extraction; purify; distillation; chemical; mixture; discharge; definition; unpermitted; disordered; unfrozen; imperfection; desalination
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
9. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:
| to absorb - поглощать to affect -подвергать физическому воздействию, поражать; affected area – пораженная площадь to apply - применять, использовать to conserve - охранять, сберегать, сохранять to contain – содержать to contaminate - загрязнять to consume –потреблять to degrade – ухудшать, деградировать to derive (from) -получать, извлекать to estimate –оценивать exposure - подвергание какому-л. воздействию harmful — вредный, опасный | to harvest – пожинать плоды, расплачиваться hazard – риск, опасность impeller- рабочее колесо (турбины) to ingest – глотать, проглатывать lavish –щедрый, богатый poisonous –ядовитый, вредный pump– насос to pollute — загрязнять to purify – очищать; освобождать от примесей quality – качество to require – требовать runoff- сток; объём стока severe– тяжелый, серьезный to suffer -страдать; испытывать, претерпевать well – водоем, скважина |
10. Read and translate the text below concentrating on the problems of water pollution:
Text 12 A
Water Pollution
Water is necessary to life on earth. All organisms contain it; some live in it; some drink it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a species in an affected area. Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who ingest polluted water can become ill, and, with prolonged exposure, may develop cancers or bear children with birth defects. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that degrade water quality. Pollutants can be classed into eight categories, each of which presents its own set of hazards.
Oil and chemicals derived from oil are used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes. These petroleum products get into water mainly by means of accidental spills from ships, tanker trucks, pipelines, and leaky underground storage tanks. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals, and spilled oil damages the feathers of birds or the fur of animals, often causing death. In addition, spilled oil may be contaminated with other harmful substances, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Chemicals used to kill unwanted animals and plants, for instance on farms or in suburban yards, may be collected by rainwater runoff and carried into streams, especially if these substances are applied too lavishly. Some of these chemicals are biodegradable and quickly decay into harmless or less harmful forms, while others are nonbiodegradable and remain dangerous for a long time. When animals consume plants that have been treated with certain nonbiodegradable chemicals, such as chlordane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), these chemicals are absorbed into the tissues or organs of the animals. When other animals feed on these contaminated animals, the chemicals are passed up the food chain.
With each step up the food chain, the concentration of the pollutant increases. This process is called biomagnification. In one study, DDT levels in ospreys (a family of fish-eating birds) were found to be 10 to 50 times higher than in the fish that they ate, 600 times the level in the plankton that the fish ate, and 10 million times higher than in the water. Animals at the top of food chains may, as a result of these chemical concentrations, suffer cancers, reproductive problems, and death.
Many drinking water supplies are contaminated with pesticides from widespread agricultural use. More than 14 million Americans drink water contaminated with pesticides, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that 10 percent of wells contain pesticides. Nitrates, a pollutant often derived from fertilizer runoff, can cause methemoglobinemia in infants, a potentially lethal form of anemia that is also called blue baby syndrome.
TEXT AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES
11. Find in the text the words or phrases which mean the same as:
| § загрязнение рек, озер | § вредные вещества |
| § умеренно | § посредством |
| § протекающий | § дождевая вода |
| § распадаться, разлагаться | § колодец |
12. Find in the text the synonyms to the following words:
| § hazardous | § need |
| § great numbers | § to be sick |
| § principal | § water pollutant |
| § groups | § with the help of |
13. Find in the text the antonyms to the following words:
| § unnecessary | § harmless |
| § dirty | § pleasant |
| § wanted, desired | § slowly |
14. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
To be necessary to life; toxic chemicals; affected area; to be unpleasant to look at; to be unsafe to eat; to be used for fuel; harmful substances; food chain; concentration of the pollutant; reproductive problems; agricultural use
15. Choose among the words in parentheses the one that corresponds to the text above to complete the sentences:
1. Water is ___ to life on earth.
(a. urgent; b. important; c. necessary)
2. Plants and animals ___ water that is moderately pure.
(a. take; b. want; c. require)
3. If severe, water pollution can kill large ___ of fish, bids, and animals.
(a. numbers; b. quality; c. figures)
4. The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, or physical materials that ___ water quality.
(a. improve; b. degrade; c. upgrade)
5. Oil and ___ derived from oil are used for fuel, lubrication, plastics manufacturing, and many other purposes.
(a. substances; b. matter; c. chemicals)
6. Many petroleum products are ___ if ingested by animals.
(a. poisonous; b. necessary; c. useful)
7. Many drinking water supplies are ___ with pesticides from widespread agricultural use.
(a. contained; b. included; c. contaminated)
8. Nitrates can cause methemoglobinemia in ___.
(a. adults; b. infants; c. grown ups)
16. Read text 12A once more. In pairs, discuss the statements below. Say what you think about them and ask your partner if he/she agrees or disagrees with you. Use the following phrases to help you:
| Agreeing I agree with you. Yes, that is what I think too. You are right! | Disagreeing politely Yes, but don’t you think…? True, but I think… I see what you mean, but… |
1. All organisms contain water, some live in it, some drink it.
2. Plants and animals can survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms.
3. Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in.
4. The major water pollutants degrade water quality.
5. Many petroleum products are poisonous if ingested by animals.
6. Some of the chemicals are biodegradable, while others are nonbiodegradable and remain dangerous for a short time.
7. When the concentration of the pollutant increases this process is called biomagnification.
8. More than 10 million Americans drink water contaminated with pesticides.
9. Nitrates can cause a potentially lethal form of anemia that is also called blue baby syndrome.