Маленький дом и верные друзья
Однажды мужчина построил дом. Он знал, что долг каждого человека — построить дом, посадить дерево и вырастить ребенка. Поскольку у него не было семьи, он решил, что пора ему иметь хотя бы крышу над головой. Дом был маленький, удобный и милый. Хозяин подумал, что если он пригласит всех своих друзей, то они смогут вместе отметить новоселье. Друзья приехали, осмотрели дом, и каждый сказал что-то свое. Один из них отметил, что дом мог бы быть побольше, другой заявил, что он сожалеет, что потолки такие низкие. Третьему было жаль, что кресла такие неудобные. Конечно, хозяину дома все это не понравилось, но он и вида не показал. Он выглядел так, словно нисколько не возражал против этой горькой правды, словно он и сам знал все это с самого начала. Он знал, что необходимо, чтобы все приличия были соблюдены. Он опасался, что его друзья, которых он знал много лет, обидятся. Однако когда гости покидали его маленький, но гостеприимный дом, он сказал: «Да, мой дом действительно очень маленький, но как бы я хотел заполнить этот дом хорошими и верными друзьями!»
MODAL VERBS
Must
Ex. 417.Comment on the meanings of the modal verb must.
1. Who says A must say B. 2. Knowledge must be gained by ourselves. 3. What everybody says must be true. 4. What can't be cured must be endured. 5.1 felt sure it must be a ghost, a visitor from another world. 6,1 think we must rely only on ourselves. 7. We must not look for a golden life in an iron age. 8. Caesar's wife must be above suspicion. And so should Caesar. 9. Well, I must have looked an ass. 10. My matches must have fallen out. I believe I must have dropped them somewhere just by the bridge. 11. At work today, my boss told me that I must stop sleeping. 12. He realized he must do it. 13. Henry must be still sleeping. 14. — Must I send the fax and write the contract today? — You needn't send the fax, but you certainly must write the contract. 15. Phil must have been looking for the right girl all his life. 16. There must be a legal loophole, a way out of this ridiculous marriage. 17. After all, if you are a teacher, you must, by nature, be an original and creative person.
Ex. 418. Open the brackets using the right form of the infinitive after verb must.
1. He looks intelligent. He must (be) a good chess player. 2. They must still (play chess), they really must (make) a break. 3. Ted looks upset. He must (lose) the game again. 4. The friends must (play) chess non-stop the whole day. 5. "Something must (keep) the children," said Aunt Molly. "They must still (look) for the dog." 6. She went red in the face. She must (offend). 7. He must (know) about her state of mind long before, but finally he came to say that they must (do) something about it. 8.1 realized that it must (be) a wrong word to use in a lady's presence, and that now I must (apologize). 9. He must never (be) poor. How should he know what poverty is?
10. The Browns must (fail) to get in touch with us. 11. The children must never (suffer), however difficult the situation may be. 12. Janice's number is still engaged. She must (be) on the phone all morning. 13. The Dean must (misunderstand) me. I didn't really mean that. 14. "Oh, you mustn't (go) yet." he protested. "You must (come) and see my new kitchen." — "Oh, it must (cost) you a fortune with all those new prices!" 15. She must really (make) your life unbearable all these years.
Ex 419. Make sentences according to the model.
Model: All the shops are closed. — It must be Sunday.
Nell is crying. — She must be having some problems.
The girl turned pale. — She must have been frightened.
1. He lives in a cell. 2. They're shouting at each other. 3. I don't think he is telling the truth. 4. I can't find my purse anywhere. 5. The dress is gorgeous. 6. The leaves on the trees are golden. 7. The two sisters look alike. 8. The little girl is blowing out the candles on the cake. 9.1 phoned you last night but I got no answer. 10. He was shining like a new penny. 11. Everybody is congratulating the producer. 12. The patient is in the maternity ward of the hospital. 13. The creature is green and has an antenna on its head. 14. The audience is shouting for more. 15. The hotel had no vacancies.
Ex. 420.Make the following sentences opposite in meaning using the words given below.
1. He must be very competent in economics. 2. Brian must have been very experienced in mountaineering. 3. They must have realized the danger. 4. The lawyer must have found the clue to the crime. 5. The committee must have been informed of the coming changes. 6. Everybody must have done the wrong thing. 7. This young man must have had any chance to succeed. 8. The fax must have reached him at last. 9. The doctor must have read my mind. 10. The detective must have understood the policeman's words.
11. The poor thing must have been aware of it all the time. 12. The parents must have been quite conscious of the child's strange ways. 13. The landlady must have been very careful in choosing the tenants. 14. She must have loved him all her life. 15. He must have done something about it, I can see some changes in the design.
to fail, to misinform, to be incompetent, no, to misunderstand, to be inexperienced, to be unaware, to be unconscious, to be careless, to dislike
Ex. 421. Translate into English.
1. Вы должны следовать инструкции и ни в коем случае не должны нажимать на эту кнопку. 2. Чтобы преподавать грамматику, вы должны понять, что язык — это система. 3. Чтобы приготовить хороший торт, нужно сначала хорошенько взбить яйца. 4. Он, должно быть, очень силен. Посмотрите на его бицепсы. Он, по всей видимости, тренируется уже много лет. 5. Ты не должна приходить домой так поздно. Ты, должно быть, не можешь понять, что это опасно. 6. Он, должно быть, не узнал ее. Жизнь, вероятно, была сурова к ней. 7. Диктор, должно быть, неправильно произнес это трудное японское имя. 8. Луиза, должно быть, опять влюбилась. Достаточно просто посмотреть на нее. 9. Раненый, должно быть, был без сознания несколько дней, прежде чем охотники нашли его. 10. Дома, наверное, опять никого нет. Видимо, все ушли на концерт. 11. Извините, но вы, должно быть, либо неправильно услышали, или же неправильно истолковали мои слова. 12. — Марина, по всей видимости, ждет нас у клуба. — Да, и ждет, должно быть, с шести часов. 13. — Нужно ли связаться с агентством сегодня же? — Нет, не нужно. Но нужно сделать это завтра. 14. Вам нужно уходить. Вы, должно быть, устали. 15. Он, должно быть, в полном неведении, что ситуация кардинально переменилась. 16. Это, должно быть, была любовь.
Ex 422.Analyse the meanings of the modal verb have (to).
1. Everybody had a really enjoyable experience last night. 2. James had a farm on which he raised sheep. 3. Does he really have eight children? 4. Have a seat, please. I have to make a call before we leave. 5. You've just broken the law and you shall have to answer for it. 6. Norris had to learn a couple of hard lessons on his road to the top. 7. We'll have to label all the goods which we have to sell. 8. — When will you actually have to report? — I have no idea. 9.1 think I'll have a snack, then I'll have look at the paper, maybe I'll have a nap before I return to my studies. 10. Dad has something to tell you, Nick, and he has to say it right now. 11.1 have been living here for a couple of weeks and I have already fallen in love with the place. 12. Do I have to have another checkup, doctor? 13. Teachers have to be performers.
Ex. 423.Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the meaning of the verb have (to)
1. He had to raise his voice to be heard through the rising gale. 2. You don't have to cheer up if you don't want to! 3. Jane has to get up early to catch the coach. 4. You'll have to say it to his face. 5.1 had to run for my life! But for my feet I would have long been dead! 6. Just think of the arrangements that have to be made. And the people we have to fetch. 7. You'll have to be very cautious, it wouldn't do for you to get caught. 8. He had to submit to his fate. He had no choice. 9. From now on, my son, you'll have to earn your own living. 10. Mary had to invent a story to escape from the house. 11.1 understand, darling. Work has to come first. 12. It was something she had to put up with. 13. It was the cross he had to bear in life.
Ex. 424.Make the following sentences interrogative and negative
1. Mr. Bucket has to support his elderly parents. 2. We'll have to admit that she is right. 3. They had to turn to a private detective. 4. Michael has to read a lot for tomorrow's exam. 5. These contracts have to be filed. 6. Whether they like it or not they will have to do it. 7. Everybody has to be very careful with this device. 8. She had to study hard last semester. 9.1 shall have to go out and greet the guests. 10. Again I have to have tinned food for dinner!
Ex. 425.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb have (to)
1. The car broke down so I ... go by bus. 2. We arrived too early so we ... wait. 3. Nobody likes it when he ... get up early in the morning. 4. The building ... be demolished. It's not safe. 5. My passport was out of date so I... renew it. 6. If weather conditions get any worse, the climbers .. give up. 7. The manager told me I... reduce my lunch breaks. 8. If you broke it, you ... pay for it. 9. The old man told me he ... work very hard when he was my age. 10. If business hadn't improved, they ... close down. 11.1... learn Spanish at the moment because I need it for my job. 12. If I hadn't passed the exam, I... take it again. 13. It... be ready by the end of the week or you won't get paid. 14.1 regret to ... inform you of the sad news. 15. ... the Queen ... tell a black lie?
Ex, 426. Translate into English
1. Сегодня Александру необходимо поехать в центр города, потому что у него там деловая встреча. 2. Наконец-то она купила себе машину, и теперь ей не приходится пользоваться автобусом. 3. Если вы хотите получить хорошее образование, то нужно много заниматься. 4. Я не могу пойти с вами на вечер, мне придется посидеть с младшей сестренкой. 5. Если он хочет быть здоровым, ему придется следовать советам врача. 6. Вчера мы хотели поехать на пикник, но не смогли, потому что вместо этого нам пришлось принимать неожиданных гостей. 7. Мистер Рич очень богат. Ему не приходится зарабатывать на жизнь. 8. Большинство овощей можно есть сырыми, их не приходится готовить. 9. По субботам моим детям не приходится как обычно ложиться спать в восемь часов, они могут не спать до девяти часов. 10. Сегодня мне не нужно готовить домашнее задание, я все сделала вчера. 11. — Вам никогда не приходится ездить в командировки, не так ли? — Бывает иногда. 12. Психологу приходится помогать людям преодолевать трудности, не так ли? 13. Мэри пришлось внимательно слушать, чтобы понять его. 14. Ей пришлось покориться его воле. 15. Твоему боссу никогда не приходится брать кредит в банке, не так ли? 16. Ей приходится думать о себе, защищать себя.
To Be (to)
Ex. 427. Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb to be (to)
1. We are to decide it right now. 2. It was the first and the last ceremony I was to see. 3. Who is to do the talking today? 4. What am I to tell my parents? 5. The Government was to have reduced inflation. 6. When he found what his fate was to be, he got very enraged, he wouldn't submit to it. 7.1 thought she was my love forever but it was never to be. 8. She couldn't make up her mind whether the letter was to be answered or not. 9. There was a fair in our little town and we put on red silk robes and painted our faces red. I was to tell people's fortunes. 10. "You are not to blame. How were you to know that they could have drugged me?" 11. Who was to have done the shopping? 12. A fortuneteller told me that I should be rich one day. I should soon be married, and after that I was to have a severe illness, from which I was to recover. My next adventure would be to cross the water, after which I was to return to my country. 13. Whatever will be will be! You are to discover very soon that it can't be helped. 14. How was I to know all this was going to happen this summer? I just thought it was going to be a great lazy summer. How was I to know Carl Ray would come to town and turn everything into an odyssey? 15. Some months later she was to remember his words and wonder. 16. This was the way it was meant to be. 17. The new tax was to have been introduced last year, but the Duma boycotted it.
Ex. 428.Translate into English
1. Что же мне делать, сэр? Должен ли я уехать? 2. Мы условились встретиться завтра. 3. Детектив обязан провести расследование. 4. Детектив должен был провести расследование, но обстоятельства изменились. 5. Премьер-министр должен вылететь в Ирак через неделю-6. Генерал должен был вылететь на Балканы, но ситуация изменилась, и пилоту пришлось повернуть самолет обратно. 7. Нина должна была сделать массу вещей, но забыла о них. 8. Я знала, что этому суждено было случиться. 9. Он должен был выступить на конференции, но неожиданно заболел. 10. Какой беспорядок! Кто должен был делать уборку сегодня? 11. Ни в коем случае вы никому не должны говорить об этом! 12. Они собирались пожениться, но этому не суждено было случиться. 13. А откуда мне было знать, что это судьба? И что ему суждено было стать моим мужем? 14. Ты не съешь ни одной конфетки перед обедом, а то я очень, очень рассержусь на тебя! 15. Они направились в зал, где должен был состояться аукцион.
Ex. 429. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb need
1. You need to take more care of your kids. 2. — Do you really need my help? — You needn't worry, I'm fine. 3. You needn't finish the work if you are to leave, it can wait. 4.1 need nobody to keep me occupied. 5. My cousin needed a new suit for his graduation ceremony so I took him to Marks and Spencer's. 6.1 didn't need a coffee break, I needed a break from coffee. 7. You just need someone to love. 8. We needn't have taken so much food for the picnic. 9. We didn't need to go shopping. The fridge was full. 10. His followers are ready to help him when he needs them. 11. Need I tell you that you needn't have taken so much trouble? 12. He doesn't really need to go. 13. You needn't have done the shopping. We are dining out tonight. 14. What the boy needs is a good whipping. 15. Where have you been?! need you badly. 16.1 think everybody needs a hero. Young or old, you need someone you can look up to.
Ex 430.Make sentences according to the model.
Model. He wore a hat. It wasn't necessary. — He needn't have worn a hat.
He didn't wear a hat. It wasn't necessary. — He didn't need to wear a hat.
1. She invited him. It wasn't necessary. 2. They didn't arrive early. It wasn't necessary. 3. They arrived early. It wasn't necessary. 4. She didn't invite them. It wasn't necessary. 5. He took the exam. It wasn't necessary. 6. She went to the bank. It wasn't necessary. 7. The teacher didn't help him. It wasn't necessary. 8. The teacher helped him. It wasn't necessary. 9. He didn't take the exam. It wasn't necessary. 10. She didn't go to the bank. It wasn't necessary. 11. She went to the doctor. It wasn't necessary. 12. He didn't go to a language school. It wasn't necessary.
13. He went to a language school. It wasn't necessary. 14. She didn't go to the doctor. It wasn't necessary.
Ex. 431. Complete the sentences with mustn't, needn't, don't (doesn't) have (to).
I. You ...pay. It's free. 2. You ... forget to call me. 3. You ... shout. I'm not deaf. 4. You ... hurry. There's plenty of time. 5. You ... drop it. It's very fragile. 6. You ... accept a lift from a stranger. 7. Service is included. You ... leave a tip. 8. You ... stroke the dog because it bites. 9. Tomorrow's Sunday so she ... get up early. 10. The old man retired so he ... work anymore. 11. You ... read in the dark. You'll strain your eyes. 12. You ... worry. All is going to be fine. 13. When you're driving you ... take your eyes off the road. 14. You ... cheat or you'll be disqualified.
Ex. 432.Use must (not) or need (not) to complete the sentences.
1. You ... go to school this morning unless you wish to do so. 2. You ... go to school because you may give your cold to your classmates. 3. Your father is very busy so you ... disturb him. 4. This is so easy that you ... ask your father to help you: you can manage it by yourself. 5. Debra ... have asked the teacher but she did. 6. Nicholas ... have failed to understand or he wouldn't have asked the teacher to explain the point again. 7. You ... have told him to go in such a rude way 8. There... be a misunderstanding, she looks hurt. 9. You ... go or I shall be lost without you. 10.1 am sure you ... go just yet, even though you have said you .... 11. You ... pay tax on most things that you buy abroad. 12. If you are Russian, you ... have a visa to get to Britain, but you ... any if you go to Turkey.
Ex 433. Translate into English.
1. Тебе в самом деле нужен этот словарь? Но ведь он такой дорогой! Ты можешь пользоваться моим. 2. Если тебе не хочется, то незачем ехать с нами. 3. Ни к чему торопиться. У нас еще масса времени. 4. Необязательно сдавать плащ в чистку. Он чистый. 5. Напрасно я брала сегодня зонтик. Дождя так и не было. 6. За- чем ты вымыла окна? Они же чистые. Не нужно было делать этого. 7. Холодильник полон. Тебе незачем идти за продуктами. 8. Не нужно было покупать шоколад! Не много ли ты его ешь? 9. Мне вчера не пришлось рано вставать, и поэтому я отоспался. 10. Вы совершенно напрасно так рано поднялись сегодня! Ведь сегодня воскресенье, или вы забыли? 11. Вы нуждаетесь в отдыхе, не нужно отрицать, что вы переработали. 12. Ни к чему было брать такси. От станции до моего дома рукой подать. 13. — Мне нужны верные друзья. — А кому же они не нужны? 14. Я независим, и мне ни к чему просить денег у родителей. 15. Только не рассказывай мне, что ты опять забыл о нашей встрече. Не нужно мне было волноваться и торопиться. 16. — Им срочно нужна твоя помощь! — В самом деле? 17. Мне нужен был отдых от всей этой сумасшедшей жизни, и я уехала в Сочи. 18. Тебе нужно снять розовые очки и реально взглянуть на жизнь.
Ex 434. Read, translate and comment on the form and meaning of modal verb can.
1. On a clear day, you can see the shores of Haiti and Cuba from the summit of Blue Mountain Peak. 2.1 know you can do it because you have the courage. 3. Bungalows are for old people who can't manage the stairs. 4. She gave Mary the names of several friends, whom she could trust. 5. We wish we could rely on him! 6. If I could, I would get the moon for you! 7.1 can't wait to get back into the swing of things. 8. Warm thoughts can fill the day with sunshine. 9.1 can't stop talking! I just can't help it! 10. — Can I keep your CD till Sunday? — You could if it were mine. 11. Can this young girl really be my boss? 12. Oh, no! You can't have failed the exam again! 13. Can the child have been watching the telly all day long? 14. Ben can't be still sleeping! It's time he went to college. 15. Who could have expected him to become a politician? 16. You can't use your own name in a novel. 17. Even the best memory can let you down. 18. My God, what those walls could tell us if they could talk!
Ex. 435.Read and translate the following sentences Find their Russian equivalents
1. One Englishman can beat three Frenchmen. 2. You can't please all of the people all of the time. 3. Life cannot be one endless round of pleasures. 4. Good advice can be given, good name cannot be given. 5. You can't put new wine in old bottles. 6. A man can do no more than he can. 7. You never know what you can do until you try. 8. God could not be everywhere, therefore he made mothers. 9. You can take a horse to the water, but you can't make him drink. 10. Where nothing is, nothing can be had there. 11. Love can neither be bought or sold; its only price is love. 12. One cannot love and be wise. 13. You cannot get blood from a stone. 14. You cannot make bricks without straw. 15. Man cannot live by bread alone. 16. You can't change the number of hours in a day. But you can take control of your schedule. You can increase efficiency.
Ex. 436.Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb can in the following pairs of sentences
1. Can I have a banana? Could I have a look at the papers? 2. Can you travel anywhere you like without a visa? Could you travel to England without a visa? 3. Can you drive? Could you drive us to the school? 4. Sorry we can't join you on Sunday. Sorry we couldn't visit you last Sunday. 5. Can you lend me your bike? Could you lend me a pound, please? 6.1 could speak better English when I was at school. You could speak good English if you tried. 7. Can we cross the street here? There was no traffic and we could cross the street quietly. 8. What a perfect morning! Who could feel sad at heart on a day like this? He began to doubt whether the old man could smile.
Ex 437. Insert can (not), could (not), be able to In some cases there can be more than one answer
1. ... you tell me the time, please? 2. No more for me thanks. I... eat another thing. 3. Who is that outside? It... be the policeman — he has already been here. 4.1... open the drawer in my desk as it was stuck. 5. You ... make an omelette without breaking eggs. 6. We loved the cake. ... you give us the recipe for it? 7. Mr. Marshall is busy this week, but he ... see you next week. 8. It... be 12 o'clock already! 9. We told him he ... leave whenever he wanted to. 10. I'll get a car of my own as soon as I... drive. 11. Interpreters ... translate without thinking. 12. It would help if you ... give me friendly advice. 13. Sometimes gossiping ... be a real pleasure. 14. He promises he ... inform us of the turn of events in future. 15. Angela ... speak French when she was four, she ... do it now and she ... speak it perfectly in some years. 16. He ... sell his car unless he reduces the price. 17. My aunt... tell fortunes from tea leaves.
Ex 438. Make the sentences negative and interrogative to express Doubt or disbelief
Model He is lying. — Can he be lying? He can't be lying.
1. The night before the exam I went to a party. 2. She's drinking her tea from a saucer. 3. The bride is dressed in black. 4. The kid is drinking wine. 5. I left the gas on. 6. Angela threw the receipt away. 7. Brian is always late for work. 8. The judge sent an innocent man to prison. 9. It's late but the children are still watching the telly. 10. He has been in love with her all those years. 11. Her name is also Тамара. 12. Violet has been so rude to her friends. 13. I'm afraid we've missed our stop. 14. What a shame! We've run out of salt again! 15. We don't believe them. It's not like her to behave so!
Ex. 439.Read the text and translate it Comment on the verbs in bold type
"Mai, you are still so very young, and I simply won'tallow you to become a mere vegetable, a blob sitting around doing nothing except mourning and feeling sorry for yourself. It's vital that you mourn, yes. We mustdo that, we mustget the grief out. But I can't,I won't permit you to throw your future away." "Do I have a future, Diana?" "Oh, yes, you do. That's another thing you have togain. Your future. But you mustreach out, grab life with both hands and start all over again. It will be the hardest thing you've ever hadto do, but it willbe worth it." "How wouldI begin again?" I asked, my mind starting to work in a more positive way. "First, I think you have toget yourself completely fit physically. You're far too thin, for one thing. You muststart eating properly, and walking and exercising, so that you regain your strength, that vigor and energy of yours which I've always admired. And then you mustthink of the kind of job you'd like to find. You must work, not only because you needto earn money, but because you mustkeep yourself busy." I bit my lip and shook my head. "I realize I have tobegin to support myself, and very quickly. I can'tlet my Mother and Dad go on helping me. But I don't have any idea what I coulddo. Or what I'm capable of doing, for that matter."
(after B. Bradford)
Ex 440. Translate into English
1. Она никогда не может прийти вовремя. 2. Нельзя игнорировать влияние всеобщей компьютеризации. 3. Они были счастливы, что сумели помочь друзьям. 4. — Ты можешь ей помочь? — Мог бы, если бы хотел. 5. Она не могла заставить себя приняться за работу. 6. Петр не посоветовался с отцом, а ведь он мог бы дать ему дельный совет. 7. Эмили и в голову не приходило, что с Робертом могло что-то случиться. 8. Не может быть, чтобы он был такой жестокий! Не мог он этого сделать! 9. Где она может быть? Неужели она все еще делает покупки? 10. У него есть слабые стороны, это верно. И все-таки не мог он вас так подвести. 11. Не может быть, чтобы редактор не заметила этой ошибки. 12. Я тебе не верю, ты не мог не узнать меня. Неужели я так изменилась? 13. Неужели вы его неправильно поняли? Ведь он так четко все объяснил. 14. Неужели вы не нашли время, чтобы поговорить с сыном? 15. Не может быть, чтобы она неправильно истолковала его слова. Ведь это на него непохоже. 16. Он просто не мог этого сделать! Он не может быть настолько глуп! 17. Не могу не смотреть телевизор до конца по вечерам, и это просто ужасно. 18. Мне ничего не остается, как уступить вам. (Не могу не уступить вам.) 19. Ну что я могу сказать? Правилам нужно подчиняться. 20. В этой горячей точке могла разразиться война, но, к счастью, люди сумели предотвратить ее.
Ex 441. Read and translate the sentences Comment on the form meaning of the modal verb may
1. Mum, may I have another sweet? 2.1 told him that he might go home. 3. At least you might phone your parents more often. 4. He seemed to read my mind. "Yes, you're right. I have plenty of faults. But I might have been very different, I might have been as good as you, and 253
perhaps wiser." 5.1 must check my diary. I may have a prior engagement. 6. He who falls today may rise tomorrow. 7. Fashions may be changing, but style remains. 8. A fool may give a wise man counsel. 9. Fortune may very well smile upon you one day. 10. May each day bring you closer to better health! 11. May this fresh bouquet of flowers brighten up your day! 12. Don't throw it away, it may come in useful, you never know. 13. When the ship is sunk everyone knows she might have been saved. 14. We knew that it might be tough to ask the necessary question. 15. — Might I trouble you, madam? — You might have knocked! 16. Very simply, he was afraid he might say the wrong thing. 17. A stumble may prevent a fall. 18. They toasted the baby with the ruby port. "May she be healthy, wealthy and wise."
Ex. 442.Read the following and learn it