Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

central processing unit (CPU) - центральный процессор (ЦП)

interchangeably – взаимозаменяемым образом

precisely — точно

internal memory - внутренняя память; внутреннее ЗУ

activity - деятельность; работа; действия опе­рации

to issue - посылать (сигнал); выводить, выдавать (сообщение)

response - ответ; отклик; реакция; отвечать; реагировать

to interpret - интерпретировать; истолковы­вать;

according to - согласно; в соответствии с

level - уровень; степень; мера; выравнивать

input-output port - порт ввода-вывода

control unit (CU) - устройство управ­ления

arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) - арифметико-логическое устройство

switch - переключатель; коммутатор; переклю­чать; переходить

direct- направлять; адресовать; указывать; прямой; непосредственный

step-by-step operations - пошаговые операции

to select - выбирать; выделять (на экране)

on the other hand - с другой стороны

exponentiation - возведение в степень

call for — требовать; предусматривать

to load — загружать; выполнять загрузку

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какой компонент составля­ет сердце компьютерной системы и в чем заключается его функция.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

It is well known in computer science that the words 'com­puter' and 'processor' are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, computer refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, con­trol and processing components make up the heart of the com­puter system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various com­ponents of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the opera­tion of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two func­tional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-log­ical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic cir­cuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The con­trol unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-log­ical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU op­erate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why? 2. What components make up the heart of the com­puter system? 3. What is the function of the CPU? 4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system? 5. Name the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs). 6. What are the CPU functional units made of? 7. What is the function of the CU? 8. What operations are performed in the ALU? 9. Where are data processed? 10. Where are data to be processed loaded into?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Хорошо известно; к компьютеру относятся; внутренняя память; составлять суть; выполнять; координировать дея­тельность; определяя в каком порядке; управлять работой всей системы; при необходимости; в соответствии с ко­мандами; уровни памяти; порт ввода-вывода; переключа­тели; режим включения или выключения; передавать сиг­налы; указывать последовательность пошаговых операций; основная память; управлять ходом выполнения программы; с другой стороны; выполнять вычитание, сложение, воз­ведение в степень, деление, умножение; для того чтобы.

5. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counter­clockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print­ing direction; transmission direction.

Level: access level; application level; data level; device level; difficulty level; error level; function level; hardware level; high level; input level; output level; performance level; presentation level; program level; protection level; resource level; security level; software level; structural level; system level; transmisson level.

Processor: arithmetic processor; central processor; command processor; control processor; data processor; error processor; general-purpose processor; special-purpose processor; image processor; language processor; mail processor; message proces­sor; numeric processor; parallel processor; peripheral processor; text processor.

Switch: to switch between programs; to switch between win­dows; to switch disks; to switch on; to switch off; to switch over; binary switch; command switch.

Step: conversion step; final step; procedure step; program step; programming step; step by step; one step at a time; to step down; to step out; to step up; to take steps.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый
причастный оборот.

1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits. 3. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called mem­ory. 4. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes pos­itively charged. 5. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it. 6. Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions passing through it. 7. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of elec­tronic memories. 8. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical mem­ory being used for secondary storage. 9. Large capacity tape de­vices are used with large data processing systems, cassettes and cartridges being applied with small systems. 10. The CPU con­trols the operation of the entire system, commands being issued to other parts of the system.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста2.

to manage — управлять; организовывать; справляться

to obtain — получать; достигать; добиваться

to cause — заставлять; вынуждать; вызывать; быть при­чиной; причина, основание

flow — поток; ход (выполнения программы); пос­ледовательность

counter— счетчик

register— регистр; устройство регистрации; счетчик; датчик

instruction register — регистр команд

storage register — регистр памяти; запоминающий ре­гистр

address register — адресный регистр

temporarily— временно

decoder— дешифратор

operand address— адрес (хранения) опе­ранда

mark— отметка; маркер; знак; помечать; обозна­чать; выделять

timing mark — отметка времени

accumulate— накапливать(ся); суммиро­вать; собирать(ся)

accumulator — сумматор; накапливающий регистр; ус­тройство cуммирования

compare— сравнивать; соотноситься

comparer — компаратор; устройство сравне­ния

content — содержимое; смысл; объем; количе­ство

involve— включать; содержать; заключать (в себе)

core — суть; основная часть; ядро; оперативная память

add feed — складывать; суммировать; прибавлять; при­соединять

added — добавочный; дополнительный

adder — сумматор; блок суммирования

at least — по крайней мере

8. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких компонентах цент­рального процессора и их назначении вы узнали. Переведите текст.

THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS

As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer sys­tem. It obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions, and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them.

The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time from memory and taking the action called for by each instruc­tion. In this way it controls the flow between the main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The control unit has the following components: a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from memory; a reg­ister that temporarily holds the instructions read from memory while it is being executed; a decoder that takes the coded instruc­tion and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out; a clock, which produces marks at regular intervals. These timing marks are electronic and very rapid. The sequence of control unit operations is as follows. The next instruction to be executed is read out from primary storage into the storage register. The instruction is passed from the storage register to the instruction register. Then the operation part of the instruction is decoded so that the proper arithmetic or logical operation can be performed. The address of the op­erand is sent from the instruction register to the address regis­ter. At last the instruction counter register provides the address register with the address of the next instruction to be executed.

The arithmetic-logical unit (AL U) executes the processing op­erations called for by the instructions brought from main mem­ory by the control unit. Binary arithmetic, the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetical-logical unit.

Data enter the ALU and return to main storage through the storage register. The accumulator serving as a register holds the results of processing operations. The results of arithmetic op­erations are returned to the accumulator for transfer to main storage through the storage register. The comparer performs log­ical comparisons of the contents of the storage register and the accumulator. Typically, the comparer tests for conditions such as "less than", "equal to", or "greater than".

So as you see the primary components of the arithmetic-log­ical unit are banks of bitable devices, which are called regis­ters. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the cal­culation and hold the results temporarily until they can be transferred to memory. At the core of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry which compares information and makes decisions based upon the results of the comparison.

Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What are the functional units of CPU? 2. What is the func­tion of CU? 3. How does CU operate? 4. What is the function of a counter? 5. What role does a decoder play? 6. What is the sequence of CU operations? 7. What is the function of the arith­metic-logical unit? 8. What operations are performed by ALU? 9. What primary components does ALU consist of? 10. What is
the function of an accumulator / comparer?

10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Функциональные блоки; устройство управления; ариф­метико-логическое устройство; управлять работой всей системы; получать команды; основная память; посылать сигналы; считывать команды поэтапно; таким образом; временно сохранять информацию; производить пометки через равные промежутки времени; последовательность операций; регистр памяти; регистр команд; адресный ре­гистр; счетчик; датчик; дешифратор; адрес операнда; ад­ресный регистр, высокоскоростной двоичный сумматор; по крайней мере; вычитание; сложение; умножение; деле­ние; принимать решения; результаты сравнения.

11. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.

Register, address register; base register; clock register; com­mand / instruction register; counter register; CPU register; hard­ware register; input / output register; memory register; operand register; general-purpose register; special-purpose register.

Counter binary counter; character counter; data counter; instruction counter; pulse counter; sequence counter; storage counter; software counter; time-out counter.

Selection: color selection; directory selection; drive selection; file selection; function selection; keyboard selection; menu se­lection; security selectionManagement: data management; database management; disk management; error management; information management; memory management; network management; resource manage­ment; task management; window management.

12. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению
следующим:

Verbs: to work; to control; to receive; to keep; to send; to perform; to demand; to choose; to supply; to pass; to name; to include; to apply; to come back; to found; to explain; to form; to define; to arrange.

Nouns: computer; answer; commands; memory; element; device; information; state; aim; heart; solution; computation.

Adjectives: main; whole; separate; quick; correct; large; main (storage); following; every; following; specific; different; real.