Give the summary of the text using the key terms. Read the following words and word combinations and use them for understanding and translation of the text:

IMAGE TYPES

Read the following words and word combinations and use them for understanding and translation of the text:

added semanticvalue - добавленное семантическое значе-ние

slight shift- небольшое изменение

to edit on the pixel level- редактировать на пиксельном уровне

to be complementary to- дополнять

to be akin to– быть сродни чему-то

relatively limited- относительно ограничены

instance- случай, пример

to rely on- полагаться на что-то, зависеть от чего-то

distinction- различие, отличие

keyframe- ключевой кадр

low bandwidth- медленный канал

virtual entities- виртуальные объекты

to be mapped- отображаться

Two-dimensional

2D computer graphics are the computer-based generation of digital images — mostly from two-dimensional models, such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images, and by techniques specific to them.

2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawing, advertising, etc. In those applications, the two-dimensional image is not just a representation of a real-world object, but an independent artifact with added semantic value; two-dimensional models are therefore preferred, because they give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics, whose approach is more akin to photography than to typography.

Pixel art

Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of raster graphics software, where images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old (or relatively limited) computer and video games, graphing calculator games, and many mobile phone games are mostly pixel art.

The term pixel art was first published by Adele Goldberg and Robert Flegal of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center in 1982. The concept, however, goes back about 10 years before that, for example in Richard Shoup's SuperPaint system in 1972, also at Xerox PARC.

Some traditional art forms, such as counted-thread embroidery (including cross-stitch) and some kinds of mosaic and beadwork, are very similar to pixel art. These art forms construct pictures out of small colored units similar to the pixels of modern digital computing. A similar concept on a much bigger scale can be seen in the North Korean Arirang Festival.

Vector graphics

Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of pixels and is typically used for the representation of photographic images. Vector graphics consists in encoding information about shapes and colors that comprise the image, which can allow for more flexibility in rendering. There are instances when working with vector tools and formats is best practice, and instances when working with raster tools and formats is best practice. There are times when both formats come together. An understanding of the advantages and limitations of each technology and the relationship between them is most likely to result in efficient and effective use of tools.

Three-dimensional

3D computer graphics in contrast to 2D computer graphics are graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of performing calculations and rendering 2D images. Such images may be for later display or for real-time viewing.

Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display. In computer graphics software, the distinction between 2D and 3D is occasionally blurred; 2D applications may use 3D techniques to achieve effects such as lighting, and primarily 3D may use 2D rendering techniques.

3D computer graphics are often referred to as 3D models. Apart from the rendered graphic, the model is contained within the graphical data file. However, there are differences. A 3D model is the mathematical representation of any three-dimensional object. A model is not technically a graphic until it is visually displayed. Due to 3D printing, 3D models are not confined to virtual space. A model can be displayed visually as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, or used in non-graphical computer simulations and calculations. There are some 3D computer graphics software for users to create 3D images e.g. Autocad, Photoshop, Solidwork, Google sketchup etc.

Computer animation

Computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers. It is a subfield of computer graphics and animation. Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics, though 2D computer graphics are still widely used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster real-time rendering needs. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself, but sometimes the target is another medium, such as film. It is also referred to as CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging), especially when used in films.

Virtual entities may contain and be controlled by assorted attributes, such as transform values (location, orientation, and scale) stored in an object's transformation matrix. Animation is the change of an attribute over time. Multiple methods of achieving animation exist; the rudimentary form is based on the creation and editing of keyframes, each storing a value at a given time, per attribute to be animated. The 2D/3D graphics software will interpolate between keyframes, creating an editable curve of a value mapped over time, resulting in animation. Other methods of animation include procedural and expression-based techniques: the former consolidates related elements of animated entities into sets of attributes, useful for creating particle effects and crowd simulations; the latter allows an evaluated result returned from a user-defined logical expression, coupled with mathematics, to automate animation in a predictable way (convenient for controlling bone behavior beyond what a hierarchy offers in skeletal system set up).

To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the computer screen then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image, but shifted slightly. This technique is identical to the illusion of movement in television and motion pictures.

Notes:

Raster Graphics -Компьютерное растровое изображение представляется в виде прямоугольной матрицы, каждая ячейка которой задана цветной точкой — вместе они фор­мируют целостную картинку. Пиксели подобны зернам фотографии и при значительном увеличении становятся заметными. Растровые изображения используются чаще векторных, так как они более просты в получении и допе­чатной подготовке.

CGI (Computer-generated imagery or computer-generated imaging) - стандарт интерфейса, используемого для связи внешней программы с веб-сервером. Программу, которая работает по такому интерфейсу совместно с веб-сервером, принято называть шлюзом, хотя многие предпочитают на­звания «скрипт» (сценарий) или «CGI-программа».

CGI также может означать «Computer‐generated imagery» —компьютерные спецэффекты.

Assignments

1. Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian in writing paying attention to the underlined words and phrases:

1. 2D computer graphics are mainly used in applications that were originally developed upon traditional printing and drawing technologies, such as typography, cartography, technical drawings.

2. Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics.

3. Raster graphics is the representation of images as an array of pixels and is typically used for the representation of photographic images. g, advertising, etc.

4. Despite these differences, 3D computer graphics rely on many of the same algorithms as 2D computer vector graphics in the wire frame model and 2D computer raster graphics in the final rendered display.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. Where is 2D graphics traditionally used?

2. What do you know about pixel art?

3. What does vector graphics consist in?

4. What are the main differences between 2D and 3D graphics?

5. What methods of animation do you know?

3. Translate into English:

Компьютерная графика - технология создания и обра­ботки графических изображений средствами вычислитель­ной техники.

Компьютерная графика изучает методы получения изображений полученных на основании невизуальных данных или данных, созданных непосредственно пользова­телем.

Растровая графика (raster graphics) — вид компьютер­ной графики, используемой в приложениях, в частности, для рисования, близкого по технике к традиционному про­цессу (на бумаге или холсте). Данные в памяти ЭВМ хра­нятся в виде «карты» яркости и цвета для каждого элемента изображения (пикселя) или прямоугольной матрицы пик­селей (bitmap), дополненной данными о цвете и яркости каждого из них, а также способе сжатия записи и другими сведениями которые могут содержаться в «заголовке» и «концовке» файла.

Векторная графика (vector graphics) — вид компьютер­ной графики, используемой в приложениях для рисования. В отличие от растровой графики позволяет пользователю создавать и модифицировать исходные изобразительные образы при подготовке рисунков, технических чертежей и диаграмм путем их вращения, увеличения или уменьше­ния, растягивания. Графические образы создаются и хра­нятся в памяти ЭВМ в виде формул, описывающих различ­ные геометрические фигуры, которые являются компонен­тами изображения.