Give the summary of the text using the key terms. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

Read the following words and word combinations and use them for understanding and translation of the text:

binary format- двоичный формат

sequence raster images of ones and zeros – последователь-ность растровых изображений из единиц и нулей

arranged in- расположены в

grid- сетка, решетка

represented using dots or squares- представлены с исполь-зованием точек или квадратов

variable- переменная

deliberate- намеренный, обдуманный

distinctive style– отличительный (характерный) стиль

to vary- меняться

predictable- предсказуемый

ray tracing- трассировка лучей

shading- затемнение

to depict- отражать

accurate and smooth surface patches- точные и гладкие участки поверхности

polygonal mesh modeling- моделирование многоугольной сетки

Images are typically produced by optical devices; such as cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces.

A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image in binary format as a sequence of ones and zeros. Digital images include both vector images and raster images, but raster images are more commonly used.

Pixel

In the enlarged portion of the image individual pixels are rendered as squares and can be easily seen.

In digital imaging, a pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. Pixels are normally arranged in a regular 2-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an original image, where more samples typically provide a more accurate representation of the original. The intensity of each pixel is variable; in color systems, each pixel has typically three components such as red, green, and blue.

Graphics

Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, computer screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, line art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and color. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the objective, association with other cultural elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.

Rendering

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model (or models in what collectively could be called a scene file), by means of computer programs. A scene file contains objects in a strictly defined language or data structure; it would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the scene file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed and output to a digital image or raster graphics image file. The rendering program is usually built into the computer graphics software, though others are available as plug-ins or entirely separate programs. The term "rendering" may be by analogy with an "artist's rendering" of a scene. Though the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stored in a scene file are outlined as the graphics pipeline along a rendering device, such as a GPU. A GPU is a purpose-built device able to assist a CPU in performing complex rendering calculations. If a scene is to look relatively realistic and predictable under virtual lighting, the rendering software should solve the rendering equation. The rendering equation does not account for all lighting phenomena, but is a general lighting model for computer-generated imagery. 'Rendering' is also used to describe the process of calculating effects in a video editing file to produce final video output.

D projection

3D projection is a method of mapping three dimensional points to a two dimensional plane. As most current methods for displaying graphical data are based on planar two dimensional media, the use of this type of projection is widespread, especially in computer graphics, engineering and drafting.

Ray tracing

Ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane. The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of photorealism; usually higher than that of typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost.

Shading

Shading refers to depicting depth in 3D models or illustrations by varying levels of darkness. It is a process used in drawing for depicting levels of darkness on paper by applying media more densely or with a darker shade for darker areas, and less densely or with a lighter shade for lighter areas. There are various techniques of shading including cross hatching where perpendicular lines of varying closeness are drawn in a grid pattern to shade an area. The closer the lines are together, the darker the area appears. Likewise, the farther apart the lines are, the lighter the area appears. The term has been recently generalized to mean that shaders are applied.

Texture mapping

Texture mapping is a method for adding detail, surface texture, or colour to a computer-generated graphic or 3D model. Its application to 3D graphics was pioneered by Dr. Edwin Catmull in 1974. A texture map is applied (mapped) to the surface of a shape, or polygon. This process is akin to applying patterned paper to a plain white box. Multitexturing is the use of more than one texture at a time on a polygon. Procedural textures (created from adjusting parameters of an underlying algorithm that produces an output texture), and bitmap textures (created in an image editing application or imported from a digital camera) are, generally speaking, common methods of implementing texture definition on 3D models in computer graphics software, while intended placement of textures onto a model's surface often requires a technique known as UV mapping (arbitrary, manual layout of texture coordinates) for polygon surfaces, while NURBS surfaces have their own intrinsic parameterization used as texture coordinates.

D modeling

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, wireframe representation of any three-dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software. Models may be created automatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D models may be created using multiple approaches: use of NURBS curves to generate accurate and smooth surface patches, polygonal mesh modeling (manipulation of faceted geometry), or polygonal mesh subdivision (advanced tessellation of polygons, resulting in smooth surfaces similar to NURBS models). A 3D model can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering, used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena, or animated directly for other purposes. The model can also be physically created using 3D Printing devices.

Notes:

Pixel - Пиксель (пиксел) —наименьший элемент изобра­жения или экрана в виде квадратика (квадратной точки), который может иметь индивидуальные параметры: яр­кость, цвет и др. Размер пикселя может быть разным в зави­симости от величины изображения и его разрешения, т. е. количества пикселов из которых оно состоит.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) - графический процессор. Он являет собой отдельное устройство игровой приставки, компьютера, фотоаппарата. Отвечает за рендеринг гра­фики, выполняет его.

NURBS models -Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline - неодно­родные рациональные B-сплайны. NURBS-кривые обла­дают одной особенностью: они всегда имеют гладкую форму.

Rendering -ре́ндеринг (англ. rendering — «визуализация») — термин в компьютерной графике, обозначающий про­цесс получения изображения по модели с помощью ком­пьютерной программы.

Assignments

1. Translate the sentences from the texts into Russian in writing paying attention to the underlined words and phrases:

1. A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional image in binary format as a sequence of ones and zeros.

2. Digital images include both vector images and raster images, but raster images are more commonly used.

3. Graphic design may consist of the deliberate selection, creation, or arrangementof typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element.

4. 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical, wireframe representation of any three-dimensional object, called a "3D model", via specialized software.

5. Models may be created automatically or manually; the manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the pixel`s representation?

2. What is the method of 3D projection?

3. Who was the pioneer of texture mapping?

4. What are the techniques of shading?

5. Give the description of 3D modeling process.

3. Translate into English:

Трёхмерная графика обычно имеет дело с виртуаль­ным, воображаемым трёхмерным пространством, которое отображается на плоской, двухмерной поверхности дис­плея или листа бумаги. В настоящее время известно не­сколько способов отображения трехмерной информации в объемном виде, хотя большинство из них представляет объёмные характеристики весьма условно, поскольку рабо­тают со стереоизображением. Из этой области можно отме­тить стереоочки, виртуальные шлемы, 3D-дисплеи, способ­ные демонстрировать трехмерное изображение. Несколько производителей продемонстрировали готовые к серийному производству трёхмерные дисплеи. Однако и 3D-дисплеи по-прежнему не позволяют создавать полноценной физи­ческой, осязаемой копии математической модели, созда­ваемой методами трехмерной графики.