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Unit V. Instability of the Earth’s Crust.

Focus on:

• общенаучная и терминологическая лексика
• активные и пассивные формы глагола
• глаголы: to raise; to rise; to lower; to sink
• построение дефиниций

Text Study.

The earth’s crust is dynamic and subject to a variety of processes. The forces of nature are always at work. Some of these forces build up the surface of the earth and are called constructive or tectonic forces. They tend to raise the surface forming mountains. They are opposed by the forces of erosion or destructive forces that wear down the surface of the earth. Thus, the crust of the earth rises or sinks almost all the time. All movements of parts of the solid earth with reference to each other are usually referred to as diastrophism.

Earth crust movements may vary from so slow as to be imperceptible to very quick and violent. They may be upward, or downward, or sideward. They may affect only small local areas, or they may involve a large portion of either a continent or an ocean basin. The greater movements of the earth are of two kinds: orogenetic and epeirogenetic. By orogenetic movements mountain masses are raised up. Mountains result from the folding of rocks, when a force horizontal to the surface of the earth causes rock strata to crumple or fold. Folds are the most common structures in mountain chains.

By epeirogenetic movements land masses of continental dimensions are raised or lowered with little folding. These movements are radial, since they take place along the radii of the earth.

Notes:

epeirogenetic [E5pIErodVInetik];

orogenetic [R:rodVInetik];

diastrophism [d9BI5Astrofizm];

dimension [dBI5menFEn].

Ex.1.

Найдите в тексте английские соответствия следующим словосочетаниям:

Ø подвергаться воздействию разнообразия процессов

Ø силы природы

Ø находиться в работе (действовать)

Ø поднимать поверхность суши

Ø противопоставляться силам разрушения

Ø выветривать поверхность земли

Ø подниматься и опускаться

Ø относительно друг друга

Ø рассматриваться в качестве

Ø меняться от медленных и практически незаметных до быстрых и яростных

Ø движения вверх, вниз, в сторону

Ø воздействовать на небольшие области

Ø охватывать значительные части либо суши либо океанских бассейнов

Ø горообразующие движения

Ø вертикальные медленные колебания земной коры

Ø складкообразование пород

Ø сморщиваться или складываться в складки

Ø горные цепи

Ø опускаться или подниматься с незначительной складчатостью

Ex.2.

Подберите пары слов, близких по значению.

to act constructive destructive to wear down to be referred to to crumple to affect imperceptible

erosional to be called to be at work to fold to weather tectonic to influence insignificant

1. -	3. -	5. -	7. -
2. -	4. -	6. -	8. -

Ex.3.

Подберите пары слов, противоположных по смыслу.

to rise up to be raised up to lower down to result in upward horizontal epeirogenetic strata to build up to take place

to raise up downward orogenetic to destroy to sink down layers to occur to be lowered down to result from vertical

1. -	3. -	5. -	7. -	9. -
2. -	4. -	6. -	8. -	10. -

Ex.4.

Выберите правильный вариант, из предложенных в скобках.

1. Earthquakes often (cause/are caused) some parts of the land or sea (to rise up/to be raised up).
2. Gravity (causes/is caused) weathered rocks to move (upward/downward).
3. Mountains result (in/from) the folding of rocks.
4. Tsunami (caused/is caused) by an earthquake taking place on the ocean floor.
5. Sometimes the earthquakes (rise/raise) big tracts of the earth (upwards/downwards), other (lower/sink) them (upwards/downwards).
6. An earthquake (causes/is caused) a mass of sediment (to rise/to be raised) up above the level of the sea.

Ex.5.

Найдите в тексте слова и выражения эквивалентные подчеркнутым.

1. The earth crust is influenced by a variety of processes.
2. The forces on nature are always in operation.
3. All movements of parts of the solid earth with respect to each other are commonly called diastrophism.
4. Earth crust movements may be extremely slow.
5. By orogenetic movements the mountain masses are lifted up.
6. Mountains are caused by the folding of rocks.
7. Forces horizontal to the surface of the earth make rock strata to crumple or fold.

Ex.6.