XVII. !!! The paragraph “Niagara Falls” is for the test-reading.

XVIII. Sometimes the text can be presented in a form of a scheme. Here you can see an example of one kind of the text presentation. This process is called mind-mapping. This mind-mapping is based on the paragraph about the Niagara Falls.

NIAGARA FALLS

LOCATION FEATURES STRUCTURE

Between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario

It plunges into the limestone, which is broken off in huge blocks.

It is divided into two parts: the lesser falls on the American side, the great fall is on the Canadian side.

XIX. Do the mind-mapping about the waterfalls that are described in the text. Speak on a waterfall using your mind-map.

XX. Read the text on pp. 47-49 “Erosion and Natural Scenery”. Find the English equivalents for the following Russian expressions:

a. ….монотонность, большое количество безликих равнин и мрачных плато, лишенных красоты;

b. …пересекает сухие плато и большой грязевой поток в заливе Калифорния;

c. …река вымывает глубокие ущелья;

d. …развивается определенный тип ландшафта;

e. …увеличивать вертикальные полости или пустые отверстия;

f. …создавать посредством растворения известняка;

g. …растворенный известняк может отлагаться в форме длинных сталактитов, напоминающих пальцы.

XXI. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

a. Running water has been the master sculptor of the ages.

b. It is the work of weathering and erosion that gives us the endless variety of mountain sculpturing, and much of the charm of all natural scenery.

c. Tributary gorges branch out from either side.

d. As rain water falls through the atmosphere it picks up carbon dioxide.

e. This weak acid is capable of very slowly dissolving calcium carbonate as it makes its way in limestone rocks.

f. Limestone is a permeable rock.

g. Large underground caves are formed and a great variety of passages reaching on and on, up and down, in and out.

h. If you were to enter a cave in a limestone area, you could probably hear the sound of water dripping from the roof.

VOCABULARY

NB!!! Make sure you know the pronunciation and the meaning of the following words:

Dissolve

Release

Soak up

Water cycle

Distribution

Rainfall

Pollution

Transpiration

Infiltration

Evaporation

Precipitation

Springs

Transportation routes

Marine animals

Tributary

Drainage basin

River course

River’s mouth

Wear down

Straight course

Widen

Flatten out

Fertile floodplains

Break down

Waterfall

Cataract

Igneous rock

Subsequent erosion

Scenery

Traverse

Permeable rock