Независимый причастный оборот. (The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction)
(The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction)
| Конструкция | Пример | Перевод |
| Сущ. (общ.п.) + Ving или Мест. (им.п.) + V3 | The country is covered by forests, the forests occupying more than a quarter of the area (в конце предложения). The moon having no atmosphere, its surface experiences great extremes of temperature. (в начале предложения). | Страна покрыта лесами, причем (а, и, при этом) леса занимают больше четверти территории. Т.к. на луне нет атмосферы, ее поверхность испытывает большие перепады температуры. |
Task 9.Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Volcanoes are individualistic, each one having its own behavior not shared by others.
2. The explosive type of activity is dominant, little or no fluid lava appearing during eruptions.
3. Such drifts are much slower than movements in the atmosphere, with the fastest normal surface currents having speeds of about7 mi/h.
4. Destructive volcanic eruptions frequently follow earthquakes, the volcanoes belching forth great masses of molten rock.
5. In 1908 the city of Messina, Italy, was totally destroyed by the volcanic eruption, some 85,000 people being killed.
6. The Earth crust passed through a semisolid to a solid state, with great folds developing on its surface.
7. The interior of the Earth has remained hot down to the present time, the temperature of its central core being estimated at least 1,5000C.
8. Air contains traces of ozone and other gases, the greater part of the ozone occurring in a layer from 24 to 40 kilometres above the earth's surface.
9. All other conditions being equal, the velocity is dependent upon temperature.
10. Canada was one of the earliest of the nations of the world to produce a national atlas, the first edition being produced in 1906.
11. In the past years the earth has been getting warmer, the Northern Hemisphere's temperature having risen about 1°F.
12. The major part of Ghana is covered by savannas and forests, the latter occupying more than a quarter of the total area of the country.
13. Certain volcanoes throw out very little solid matter, their products being molten lavas.
14. The drill cuttings having been examined, we could determine the nature of the rock.
15. Some of the molten material having cooled, the solid crust of the earth formed.
16. Britain being entirely bounded by water, the climate is mild, humid and changeable.
17. The observations having been averaged over long periods, not less than ten years and often more, the resulting data describe climate.
18. Research centers having been established, improved methods of weather analysis have been worked out.
THE GERUND
Task 1. Study the following table.
Герундий является неличной формой глагола, которая сочетает в себе свойства глагола и существительного. В отличие от инфинитива герундий передает оттенок процесса действия.
В русском языке нет формы глагола, соответствующей английскому герундию. Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия (см. стр 259).
Герундий может переводиться на русский язык существительным, глаголом в личной форме или неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием.
Функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
| Подлежащее | Obtaining oil is no simple matter. Добыча нефти – не легкое дело. |
| Часть сказуемого | Large ice masses stopped advancing. Крупные массы льда прекратили движение. |
| Дополнение | These minerals are worth extracting. Эти минералы стоит добывать. |
| Определение | Improved methods of observing atmosphere are developed. Разрабатываются усовершенствованные методы наблюдения за атмосферой. |
| Обстоятельство | After watching the movement of clouds we determined wind direction. Наблюдая за движением облаков мы определили направление ветра. |
Герундиальная конструкция
(Gerundial Construction)
Функции герундиальной конструкции в предложении и способы ее перевода на русский язык.
| Подлежащее | Their having studied rocks helped them in their research. То, что они изучили горные породы, помогло им в их исследованиях. |
| Дополнение | The supervisor did not object to the report being made by the student at the seminar. Научный руководитель не возражал, чтобы доклад был сделан на семинаре. |
| Определение | We understood the importance of carrying out the experiment in the laboratory. Мы понимали, как важно провести эксперимент в лаборатории. |
| Обстоятельство | Instead of using new methods they insisted on the old ones. Вместо того, чтобы использовать новые методы исследования, они настаивали на использовании старых методов. |
На русский язык герундиальная конструкция переводится различными придаточными предложениями.
Task 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Taking holidays is a recent development in Northern Asia.
2. The warm climate of the island allows farming to thrive.
3. Keeping silk worms has been a traditional activity in some parts of Southern Asia.
4. Farming for rice is hard work.
5. The natural hot water is used for heating houses.
6. French and Russian explorers played an important part in mapping Antarctica.
7. There are minerals worth extracting.
8. It is not worth mining in this region.
9. Surveying can be done from the air by plane or satellite.
10. Exporting minerals by sea would be a problem.
11. Anything that takes place has weight and exerts pressure by pushing.
12. The greatest depth to which Earth has been penetrated by drilling downward from the surface is about four miles.
13. All these agents are capable of cutting slowly into solid, unweathered rock.
14. Earthquakes occur without warning.
15. The oceans, besides acting as water reservoirs for the earth’s atmosphere, play a direct part in temperature control.
16. The dust veils probably had an overall effect of keeping global temperatures down by partially blocking and scattering the sun’s rays.
17. The little Ice Age could have been the result of changing solar output rather than dust in the atmosphere.
18. We should stop the greenhouse effect from getting worse.
19. The countries agreed to work toward reducing global emission of carbon dioxide.
20. Reducing CFC production and greenhouse gas emission will cost money.
21. The ozone content of the atmosphere is concentrated in a particular region instead of being more or less uniformly distributed.
22. Animals obtain the carbohydrates and amino acids they need by eating plants.
Task 3. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerund.
1. Plants and animals derive energy by using atmospheric oxygen to convert carbon in their foods to carbon dioxide.
2. In addition to mapping various lava flows, geologists identified three distinct deposits.
3. Estimating the time that has elapsed since the glaciers disappeared is also impossible.
4. Several methods have been used for determining the length of the postglacial time.
5. After having lain on the ground for some time and having been covered by later falls, the snow gradually changes to granular ice.
6. The repeated process of melting and freezing in the snow fild and the glacial ice cause the movement of glaciers.
7. Glaciers are capable of carrying great loads of rock debris.
8. Grain size usually gives an indication of the rate of cooling.
9. Partial melting and continued increase in pressure cause the lower part of a snow deposit to change gradually into ice.
10. Rich countries have been able to cut the death toll from earthquakes by developing anti-quake technology.
11. Today standards of living in Northern Europe are among the highest in the world.
12. Over one half of the people who live in Southern Asia are involved in farming.
13. The polar regions are too cold for farming.
14. However, extracting oil in cold conditions would present extra problems.
15. Many small fishing ports had to stop fishing.
16. To bring oil from northern Alaska involved building through protected areas and national parks.
17. Industry does not just mean making things.
18. The rapidly growing cities in this region are busy, polluted and crowded with slum housing.
19. Farming has used more machinery and needed a smaller labour force.
20. Recycling breaks down rubbish into raw materials to use again.
21. Wheat and maize farming now employ far fewer people owing to the huge combines and other machinery used.
22. Good roads and railway systems allow people to live in smaller towns and to travel into the big cities to work – commuting.
23. Fossil fuel was formed from the bodies of plankton in the sea, slowly changing into oil and gas by being compressed and heated under the weight of rocks.
24. Modern computing means that many people are able to work at home.
25. Home working means that fewer people have to commute regularly into the big cities to offices.
26. Creating new designs have been made easy with new technology.
27. The greatest amount of rain comes in thunderstorms, when spectacular lightning displays light in the sky.
28. The small trees are tolerant of different soils but don’t like standing in wet soil.
29. Farming is limited to river valleys.
30. People have damaged the land by trying to farm in dry areas next to the desert.
31. The electrical goods industries of Northern Asia began by making cheap goods.
Task 4. Analyze the following ing-forms. State whether they are participles or gerunds. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Obtaining oil from undersea fields is no simple matter.
2. Obtaining oil from undersea fields the scientists used new methods.
3. The aim of the expedition was obtaining new data.
4. The scientists were obtaining new specimen from the sea bottom all day long.
5. The face of the earth is always changing.
6. The purpose of this blast furnace is changing iron ore to iron.
7. The process of changing iron ore to iron takes place in a blast furnace.
8. Nobody knew of their having returned from the expedition/
9. Having returned from the expedition they started new investigation.
10. By analyzing satellite cloud photographs meteorologists may estimate the maximum wind speed of different storms.
11. Having analyzed the photographs meteorologists estimated the maximum wind speed of the storm.
Task 5. Translate into English.
1. Особое внимание география уделяет особенностям размещения объектов на земной поверхности.
2. Анализируя космические снимки, ученые производят измерения изображенных объектов и выявляют изменения природы человеком.
3. Помимо изучения процессов и явлений, происходящих на поверхности земного шара, география уделяет большое внимание прогнозу развития явлений.
4. Аэрофотоснимки используются для составления и обновления географических карт.
5. Любое освоение территории и строительство не начинаются без предварительного изучения местности.
6. Создание систем постоянного наблюдения за объектами на Земле в США (GPS) и в России (ГЛОНАСС) сыграло большое значение в современном определении координат.
7. Помимо использования специальных очистных сооружений существует много других способов борьбы с загрязнением воды.
8. Изучение Мирового океана предполагает совместную работу океанографов, географов, геологов и других специалистов смежных дисциплин.
9. Аэрофото- и космическая съемка – это современные способы изучения Земли на расстоянии.
10. Температура океанической воды у поверхности зависит от поступления солнечного тепла.
INFINITIVE
Task 1. Study the following.
I. Образование
| ACTIVE | PASSIVE | |
| Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to determine to be determining to have determined to have been determining | to be determined – to have been determined – |