Credit on the unit “LAND” – see page 31 “Oral Practice”.

VOCABULARY

NB!!! Make sure you know the pronunciation and the meaning of the following words:

Earth Plateaus Land Planet Surface Data Decompose Glacier Sloping edges Shallow water

Interior Vibration Cause by Molten material Layer Core Tools Predict Accuracy

Mantle Crust Texture Fossil evidence Plates Spread apart Faults Strike Eruption

Cracks Collide Measure Dormant Fold Weathering Alter Limestone Simultaneously

UNIT 3. WATER

Warming-up activity

I. Work in groups. Give your understanding of water. What is it? What are your associations with this word?

Features problems

WATER

Forms sources

WATER – a liquid without colour, smell or taste, that falls as rain.

Freshwater, salt – water, sea water, barley water (a drink, sometimes flavoured, made by boiling barley in water), gripe-water (medicine to cure stomach or intestinal pain in babies), ice-water, mineral water, soda water, tonic water, waterproof.

WATERS(pl) – the mass of water in a lake, river, etc.; the clear blue waters of the Mediterranean.

Blood is thicker that water (saying) – family relationships are the strongest ones.

Bread and water – the plainest and the cheapest food.

Still waters run deep (saying) – a quiet or apparently calm person can have strong emotions, much knowledge or wisdom.

II. In groups make up 3 sentences with the word WATER and its phrases.

III. Read the text on pp. 36-37 “Wonders of Water”. Find the English equivalents for the following phrases in Russian:

ü Занимать ¾ земной поверхности;

ü Формировать и переделывать;

ü Определять климат;

ü Помогать использовать природные ресурсы;

ü Подходящее место для жизни;

ü Сохранять большое количество солнечной энергии;

ü Поглощать растворенные вещества;

ü Пополнять запас воды;

ü Хозяйственные и производственные отходы;

ü Необходимо охранять от любых загрязнений.

IV. Translate the following sentences from the text into Russian.

a. Water does all these things because it has special qualities that few materials on the earth have.

b. Because water releases heat even as it freezes, it helps to keep air temperatures from getting too cold too fast.

c. Plants and animals need these materials to grow and to build healthy bodies. So do humans.

d. Hardly a drop of rain has fallen in over 20 years.

e. One city dweller out of five does not have safe water to drink.

THE USE OF ARTICLES

WITH THE GEORAPHICAL NAMES

NO ARTICLE

Continents, most countries Africa, Germany (BUT The Neverlands)

States, countries Texas, Oxfordshire, Normandy

Towns Ottawa, Prague, Sydney (But The Hague)

Most streets Fifth Avenue, Oxford Street

Lakes, most mountains Lake Superior, Everest, Mont Blanc

Town + Buildings Oxford University, York Airport

“THE”

name includes common noun the Czech Republic, the United States

seas, rivers, deserts the Atlantic, the Thames, the Sahara

mountains and island groups the Alps, the Himalayas, the West Indies

most geographical regions the Far East, the Ruhr, the Midwest

hotels, cinemas, theatres the Ritz, the Playhouse

Insert articles where necessary.

1. ____ Volga is the longest river in __ Russia, it flows from _______ Valdai Hills to _______ Caspian Sea.
2. _____ Riviera in ______ Caucasus is the most popular place in summer.
3. ______ Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
4. ______ Elbrus is the longest peak in _____ Europe.
5. ______ Hague, a city in ______ Western Netherlands near _______ North Sea, is the seat of the Dutch Government.
6. _______ Strand opens into ________ Trafalgar Square, with two fountains.
7. ______Sahara is the greatest desert in _______ North Africa, extending from ________ Atlantic Ocean to ____ Nile.
8. ________ Philippines is an archipelago which consists of thousands of islands.
9. _______West Indies is a chain of islands between _____ North and ____ South America
10. The surface of ________ Mediterranean is never so blue that of ________ Atlantic.

V. Read the text about the problem of water pollution and express your understanding of this problem. Does it exist? Can you describe the situation in your city?

WATER POLLUTION

Everybody’s talking about pollution. Pollution is what happens when things we eat, the place we live in and the water we drink are made dirty and unhealthy by machines and factories. Factories pay for the water they raise, but in our homes we only pay to have water. After that we can use as much as we want. Apparently we lose every day enough water for the whole town. Finally what we have left in our rivers we make so dirty that we can’t use it.

It should be pointed out that the outcry about the threat of water pollution faced by many rivers, lakes and oceans come from different environmental organizations. Baikal first faced such problems almost 200 years ago when it stores were settled and crop farming and cattle breeding developed, and timber was felled. The floating of loose timber, particularly, polluted its waters. The pollution problem grew, especially after the war because of the accelerated development of industry and the rise of cities in Siberia.

The problem of Baikal protection was discussed by the scientists. Nevertheless it is difficult to solve this problem once and forever. Baikal’s beauty and purity could be maintained at the same time that its rich resources were tapped.

VI. Read the first paragraph of the text on p. 39-41 “Stops in the water cycle: water on land” and give other cycles in nature (e.g. the birth and death of an animal, the production of some goods, etc.).

VII. What are the processes of the water cycle? Read the description of each process and match it with its name.

1. It is an important process where rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil and underlying rock layers. Some of this water ultimately returns to the surface at springs or in low spots downhill. Some of the water remains underground and is called groundwater. As the water infiltrates through the soil and rock layers, many of the impurities in the water are filtered out. This filtering process helps clean the water.

2. It is the opposite of evaporation. It occurs when a gas is changed into a liquid. It occurs when the temperature of the vapor decreases. When the water droplets formed from condensation are very small, they remain suspended in the atmosphere. These millions of droplets of suspended water form clouds in the sky or fog at ground level. Water condenses into droplets only when there are small dust particles present around which the droplet can form.

3. It is the process where a liquid, in this case water, changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state. Liquid water becomes water vapor. Although lower air pressure helps promote evaporation, temperature is the primary factor. For example, all of the water in a pot left on a table will eventually evaporate. It may take several weeks. But, if that same pot of water is put on a stove and brought to a boiling temperature, the water will evaporate more quickly. During the water cycle some of the water in the oceans and freshwater bodies, such as lakes and rivers, is warmed by the sun and evaporates. During this process, impurities in the water are left behind. As a result, the water that goes into the atmosphere is cleaner than it was on Earth.

4. When the temperature and atmospheric pressure are right, the small droplets of water in clouds form larger droplets and this process occurs. The raindrops fall to Earth. As a result of evaporation, condensation and precipitation, water travels from the surface of the Earth goes into the atmosphere, and returns to Earth again.

5. Much of the water that returns to Earth as precipitation runs off the surface of the land, and flows down hill into streams, rivers, ponds and lakes. Small streams flow into larger streams, then into rivers, and eventually the water flows into the ocean. This process is an important part of the water cycle because, through surface runoff, much of the water returns again to the oceans, where a great deal of evaporation occurs.

6. One final process is important in the water cycle. As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves. Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air. This process of evaporation through plant leaves is called transpiration. In large forests, an enormous amount of water will transpire through leaves.

a. Evaporation

b. Surface Runoff

C. Precipitation

d. Condensation

e. Transpiration

F. Infiltration

VIII. Speak about the cycle using the following phrases:

The first stage of the water cycle is …

Then follows the…

Then water turns into …

IX. Read the rest of the text on p.39-41 and insert the words from the box.

Freshwater Source Dams Shifting Streams Saltwater Purposes Provide Concern wetlands

a. Lakes are formed by the ________ of the earth’s crust or by building ______.

b. Lakes usually have a ________ of water and ________ flowing into or out of them.

c. Lakes are divided into _______ and _________ lakes, the latter are usually called seas.

d. Lakes ________ fresh water for many ________.

e. Another source of fresh and salt water is _________ which have become a special ________ of countries because of their drying out.

X. Read the sentences and say which are true and which are false. Correct the false ones.

ü The water cycle is an ending journey consisting of evaporation, condensation and surface runoff.

ü All wetlands are freshwater.

ü Lakes and wetlands have become a special concern of many countries because their role in life cycle is enormous.

ü In the past lakes were formed by glaciers, the eroding action of running water and nowadays some lakes are formed artificially by people.

ü Saltwater lakes have streams flowing into and out of them.

ü The Caspian Sea, the Dead Sea and the Aral Sea are called seas because they have streams flowing into and out of them.

ü Lakes are only used for industrial purposes.

XI. Read the text “Rivers and Streams” and name the parts of a river.

1. 3.

2. 3. 4.

5.

XII. Read the text carefully and match the paragraphs which express the following ideas:

A. Water has a great impact on the surface of the earth.

B. The features which make a river great.

C. The parts of a river system.

D. The impact of old rivers on the earth.

E. The usage of great rivers.

F. The influence of young rivers on the earth.

XIII. Read the text on pp. 50-51 “The Volga” and divide it into three paragraphs.

XIV. Choose one river to your liking and describe it (See “The Volga”) without mentioning its name. Make your group mates guess the river you mean.

XV. Translate the sentences.

1. Низменности, однажды образованные, заполняются талой водой ледников, снега и льда.

2. Некоторые моря, находящиеся внутри материка, в действительности являются солеными озерами.

3. Защита болот вызывает большую озабоченность у многих стран.

4. Находясь в жидком состоянии, вода изменяет химический состав гор и почвы посредством своей способности растворять.

5. Она протекает по территории, где живет огромное число людей.

6. Существуют разные критерии, по которым река считается большой (крупной).

XVI. Read the text on pp. 45-47 “Waterfalls”. Make sure you know the meaning and the pronunciationof the following words: