National emblems of the United Kingdom

The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of the 1st George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross on a blue background is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red di­agonal cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. The Welsh flag, called the Welsh dragon, represents a red dragon on a white and green background.

St. George's Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as Eng­land's national day. On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets. A red rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses (15th century). St. Andrew's Day (the 30th of November) is regarded as Scotland's national day. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. St. Patrick's Day (the 17th of March) is considered as a national day in Northern Ireland. The national emblem of Ireland is shamrock. St. David's Day (the 1st of March) is the church festival of St. David, a 6th-century monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales.

In the Royal Arms three lions symbolize England, a lion rampant — Scotland, and a harp — Ireland. The whole is en­circled and is supported by a lion and a unicorn. The lion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks like a horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British royal coats of arms for many cen­turies, and is a symbol of purity.

II. Make up sentences with the following words and word combinations:

to make up	National day
background	thistle
patron	shamrock
flag	bishop
dragon	lion

III. Read about The Royal standard and the Union Flag and insert necessary prepositions:

The Royal Standard or Royal Flag is the personal flag … the Sovereign and may be flown only when the Sovereign is actually present.

The British Union Flag, commonly known as Union Jack, is the country’s national flag. It is composed … English cross … St. George (red cross … a white field), the Scottish cross … St Andrew (a diagonal white cross … a blue field) and the Irish cross … St Patrick (a diagonal red cross … a white field).

IV. Find 11 mistakes in the following paragraph about The Regalia:

St Edward Crown, used only at a coronation, may inded data back to Edward the confessor, for the acount of Charles II goldsmith show that he must have usd one of the medieval crons, perheps the Confessor’s, ading to it the arches, monde, and cross.

The hed of the Sceptre with the Cross, wich was made for Charles II, now contains the star of Africa, at 530 carats the lagest cut diamond in the wold.

V. Make up your own dialogues using the following points:

a) Can you give the information about Ukrainian symbols? What are they and what they mean?

b) Do you know about the symbols of your university? Speak about it.

UNIT 2

I. Read and translate the following group of words:

The richest country, industrial city, famous city, prehistoric place, ancient circle of stones, massive blocks, splendid example, modern toys, medieval city.

II. Translate from English into Russian the following words of the same root:

Industry – industrial – to industrialize – industrialist – industrialization – industrially – industrious – industriously; rich – riches – richly – richness; to stand – stand – stand-in – stand-up; to build – building – build-up – builder; mystery – mystic - mystical – mystically – to mystify – mystification – mysticism; to use – using – used – useability – useable – user – useful – usefulness – useless – uselessly - uselessness

III. Read and translate the text:

England

England is the largest and the richest country of Great Britain. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and other famous and interesting cities such as York, Chester, Oxford and Cambridge.

Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world. This ancient circle of stones stands in Southwest England. It measures 80 metres across and is made with mas­sive blocks of stone up to four metres high. Why it was built is a mystery.

Not far from Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example of an English Gothic Cathedral; inside there is one of four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.

Chester is very important town in the north-west of England. In the past it used to be a Roman fort; its name comes from the Latin word castra, meaning «fortified camp». In Chester there is a famous museum which contains over 5000 ancient and modern toys.

Oxford is the home of the oldest university of England. The most famous college is Christ Church. It has a great hall which was built during the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become the Cathedral of Oxford.

Cambridge is the home of Britain's second oldest univer­sity.

York was the capital of Northern England. It is one of the best preserved medieval cities of Europe. It was built by Ro­mans, conquered by Anglo-Saxons and ruled by the Vikings. Birmingham is often called the «City of 1,500 trades» because of the great variety of its industries.

IV. Words to be learnt:

famous – знаменитый

to measure – измерять

cathedral – собор

fort – форт

camp – лагерь

college – колледж

medieval – средневековый

conquered - завоеванный

Exercises to the text:

I. Find the Russian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:

1. large	1. промышленник
2. rich	2. камень
3. industrial	3. древний
4. industrialist	4. строить
5. stone	5. сохранять
6. old	6. завоёвывать
7. to build	7. большой
8. to preserve	8. завоеватель
9. conqueror	9. промышленный
10. to conquer	10. давление
	11. стоять
	12. богатый

II. Fill in prepositions if necessary. Translate into Russian:

1. This ancient circle of stones stands … Southwest England.

2. Not far … Stonehenge stands Salisbury Cathedral. It is a splendid example … an English Gothic Cathedral.

3. Its name comes … the Latin word castra, meaning … «fortified camp».

4. The most famous college is Christ … Church. It has a great hall which was built … the reign of Henry VIII and its chapel has become … the Cathedral of Oxford.

5. It was built … Ro­mans, conquered … Anglo-Saxons and ruled … the Vikings.

III. Make up sentences:

1. The capital of England is London but there are other large industrial cities, such …	1. … the home of Britain's second oldest univer­sity.
2. Stonehenge is …	2. … four copies of Magna Charta and the oldest clock in England.
3. Cambridge is …	3. … one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world.
4. Inside there is one of …	4. … is made with mas­sive blocks of stone up to four metres high.
5. It measures 80 metres across and …	5. … as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What are large industrial cities of England?

2. What is one of the most famous prehistoric places in the world?

3. Where are the oldest clock in England and a copy of Magna Charta now?

4. What is Chester interesting in?

5. What are two oldest universities in England?

6. What was the capital of Northern England?

7. Why is Birmingham called the “City of 1500 trades”?

V. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Самой большой и самой важной страной Великобритании является Англия.

2. Бирмингем, Ливерпуль и Манчестер – известные и интересные города.

3. Стоунхендж – это древний круг из камней, находящихся в Англии.

4. Он сделан из каменных блоков до 4 метров высотой.

5. Кто и с какой целью его построил остаётся загадкой.

6. Честер в прошлом – римский форт.

7. Англия является родиной самого древнего университета.

8. Йорк был столицей Северной Англии.

9. В Бирмингеме очень много отраслей промышленности.

10. Я очень надеюсь, что в скором будущем мне удастся посетить эту замечательную страну.

Grammar Material

Глагол To be (быть)

Глагол «to be», один из самых распространенных английских глаголов выполняет функцию вспомогательного или полувспомогательного глагола (глагол-связка) и имеет следующие формы:

	Present	Past	Future
Единственное число	I am You are He, she, it is	I (he, she, it) was	will
Множественное число	We (you, they) are	We (you, they) were	will

Глагол «to be» переводится на русский язык – есть, находится, имеется, является, существует, это или опускается при переводе.

Примеры:

I am a pupil. – Я ученик.

He is an engineer. – Он инженер

She is a teacher. – Она учительница.

It is a book. – Это книга.

We are Ukrainians. – Мы украинцы.

You are English. – Вы англичане.

They are at home. – Они дома.

Глагол to have (иметь)

Present	Past	Future
have (I, we, you, they) has (he she, it)	had	will have

Примеры:

I have a dog. – У меня есть собака.

He has a pen. – У него есть ручка.

They had a car. – У них была машина.

She will have a toy. – У неё будет игрушка.

Preposition (Предлог)

Предлогами называются служебные слова, которые показывают отношение существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении. Они не выполняют самостоятельной функции в предложении и поэтому не являются членами предложения. Так как в современном английском языке падежные окончания почти полностью отсутствуют, предлоги – являются одним из главных средств выражения отношений существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении.

Prepositions of Location

(Основные предлоги места)

at	work, the lesson, an institute	на работе, на уроке, в институте
above	my head	над головой
before	the plant	перед заводом
in front of	the plant	перед заводом
behind	the building	за (позади) зданием
by	the machine-tool	у станка
in	the city, Leningrad	в городе, Ленинграде
on	the shelves	на полках
over	the table the river   the whole country	над столом через (по ту сторону) реку по всей стране
under	the microscope	под микроскопом

Pronouns (Местоимения)