Прочтите §17 Грамматического справочника на стр. 293-294.

Задание 10. Допишите вопросительную и отрицательную форму предложений:

1. We can investigate the ribosomes.

2. Staining can show invisible structures.

3. The variants can be identified by a variety of methods.

4. Experiments such as these must help in work.

5. The drug may be used in a general treatment programme.

6. Tolerance may develop in some patients.

7. Spasm can be cause by various factors.

8. Medical students must study English to read scientific journals.

9. The analysis of blood can help to spot type of cancer.

10. A special reagent must be used.

Задание 11. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may, must и их эквивалентами:

1. Jack has got a headache. He … sleep well.

2. I … sleep for hours when I was a little girls.

3. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.

4. Don’t be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.

5. Take your gloves. You … put them on because it’s cold today.

6. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.

7. … I invite them to your birthday party?

8. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.

9. You … smoke at the University.

10. We don’t have enough time. We … hurry.

Задание 12. В каждом предложение допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее:

1. Actors may learn a lot of dialogues by heart.

2. Your glass is empty. Must I refill it?

3. Would I introduce Mr. Brown to you?

4. My sister can to play a few musical instruments.

5. Some years ago I didn’t can speak English.

Key:

1. may — must

2. must — can

3. would — can

4. can to play — can play

5. didn’t can — couldn’t

Задание 13. Закончите предложения, используя модальные глаголы. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

In order to become a doctor one _______ work much.

He ___________ get basic knowledge of anatomy, physiology to become a qualified specialist.

These studies ________ take much time before he begins to treat people.

Modern equipment _________ help physician in his work.

Задание 14. Проанализируйте предложения и вставьте необходимый по смыслу модальный глагол из приведенного ниже списка (цифра в скобках указывает, сколько раз должен быть использован глагол) (Упр. 36, стр. 171 Марковина И.Ю. Грамматический справочник).

Can (3), cannot (4), may (5), must (4), should (1)

1. A virus ______ multiply hundreds of times.

2. Each side of the heart ______ perform different work.

3. With age calcium loss ____

4. A wide variety of other systems _____ be damaged by the rheumatoid process.

5. All body cells _______ be constantly supplied with oxygen.

6. Healthy bones ______ be built without calcium salts.

7. These drugs _______ improve the course of the disease.

8. Most viruses _______ be seen only with electron microscope.

9. The heart _________ be called a dual pump.

10. Life ________ exist in the absence of water.

11. Like any other tissue in the body, the heart muscle _______ receive oxygen-rich blood.

12. Heavy physical exertion _______ increase the rate of blood flow to the muscles.

13. The blood in the capillaries ______ be continually replaced fresh blood.

14. An abnormal heart valve ________ cause malfunction.

15. Many foods_______ cause allergic reactions.

16. In an anemic person, the blood _______ provide the tissues with enough oxygen.

17. Patients _________ carefully follow their doctor’s advice on health care and checkups.

Задание 15. Найдите и подчеркните ядро каждого предложения, в котором сказуемое включает модальный глагол и смысловой глагол в активной или пассивной форме. Переведите предложения (Упр. 35, стр. 166-171 Марковина И.Ю. Грамматический справочник):

1. Many of these drugs are toxic and should be given with care.

2. A new medicine must undergo extensive testing in the laboratory.

3. The cell may be best pictured as a self-sufficient chemical factory.

4. Blood disorders can vary greatly in their effects.

5. The body could not cope with an excess of blood sugar.

6. The liver, with its many complex functions, can be damaged by various disorders and diseases.

7. Spleen normal in size, consistency and position is soft and cannot be felt on abdominal examination.

8. The brain contains billions of neurons and each may influence or be influenced by hundreds of other neurons.

9. People with back trouble should not lift heavy weights.

10. This ointment should only be used externally.

11. Blood donors must meet certain requirements of age, health and weight.

12. The damage may be followed by painful spasm and inflammation.

13. Some vaccines provide lifelong protection; others must be re-administered periodically.

14. A person with irregular heart beat may be fitted with a pacemaker.

15. Many adults cannot digest lactose because of deficiency of the enzyme lactase.

16. The eye muscles, or the nerves which supply them, may be affected by disorders which arise later in life.

17. Animals cannot manufacture their own food but must take it in from the outside in some way.

18. Organ such as the heart must be transplanted as soon after death of donor as possible; skin, corneas, bone and some blood fractions, however, can be stored.

19. There can be no end to physicians’ education – they must keep up with new developments.

20. Aspirin should not be given to children who have viral infections.

21. The shape of the brain cannot be determined from the shape of the skull.

22. Backache can result from bad posture, a soft bed or muscles strain, but it can also be caused by rheumatism, typhoid fever and osteoarthritis.

23. What characteristics must a good surgeon have? Surgeon need good eye-hand coordination, manual dexterity, and the physical stamina.

24. Anemia may be caused by a decrease in red cell production, an increase in red cell destruction, or loss of blood.

25. Direct physical examination may be supplemented by various laboratory examinations.

26. Any change in symptom patterns, such as increase in attack frequency or intensity, should be viewed as serious.

27. These reactions can affect almost any cell or tissue and cause a variety of disorders

28. Twenty amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis. Eleven can be synthesized by the human body; nine must be obtained from the diet.

29. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation should be used in almost all circumstances except in severe injury to the face and mouth.

30. Energy-rich nutrients cannot be used directly for muscle contraction – they must be first converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate).