Conversational topic: STATE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
Grammar topic: THE FUTURE SIMPLE.
State system of Russian Federation».
Russia, under the Constitution of the Russian Federation is democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. State power in Russia is exercised by the President of Russia, the Federal Assembly (the Federation Council and State Duma), the government and the courts in Russia.
The Russian president is the chief executive and senior official of the Russian Federation, he defines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. The President is elected for a term of 4 years by Russian citizens on the basis of universal, equal and direct voting by secret ballot.
The Federal Assembly - the parliament of the Russian Federation - is the representative and legislative authority. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - The Federation Council and State Duma.
The State Duma consists of 450 Deputies. Members of the State Duma shall establish federal laws that the Federation Council shall consider and may approve or reject. Adopted a law in the Federal Assembly sent to the Russian President for signature and promulgation. President, under the Constitution, has the right to reject a law, and send it for revision to the Federal Assembly. The executive power of Russia performs the Russian government, which consists of Russian Prime Minister, his deputies and federal Ministers. Currently, the subordination of the Prime Minister is 10 deputies and 14 ministers. 14 ministries are functioning today.
Vocabulary:
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Conversational topic: WEATHER AND CLIMATE.
Grammar topic: THE GENERAL TYPES OF QUESTIONS.
Weather and climate».
Climate has a very important influence on plants, animals and humans and is different in different parts of the world. Some scientists think that the world is becoming hotter. If you compare Moscow winter and summer temperatures at the beginning of our century and at its end you will see that climate has really changed. Winters have become warmer.
Sometimes there is little snow in January, and there were winters when it rained on the New Year’s Eve. Many people say that it is so because of the greenhouse effect. During the last 100 years people have produced a lot of carbon dioxide. This gas in the atmosphere works like glass in a greenhouse. It lets heat get in, but it doesn’t let much heat get out. So the atmosphere becomes warmer.
Where does the carbon dioxide come from? People and animals breathe in oxygen, and breathe out carbon dioxide. We produce carbon dioxide when we burn things. Trees take this gas from the air, and produce oxygen. But in the last few years, people have cut down and burn big areas of rainforest. This means there are fewer trees, and, of course, more carbon dioxide!
As we see the climate in different parts of the world changes a little from year to year. These changes can be dangerous for our planet, which needs protection.
Vocabulary:
| 1. breezy | 1. продуваемый ветром |
| 2. bright | 2. яркий; |
| 3. clear | 3. светлый, ясный; |
| 4. cloud | 4. облако; туча |
| 5. damp | 5. влажный, сырой |
| 6. dry | 6. сухой |
| 7. dull | 7. пасмурный, хмурый |
| 8. fog | 8. туман |
| 9. lightning | 9. молния |
| 10. rain | 10. дождь; идти, литься (о дожде) |
| 11. shower | 11. ливень |
| 12. snow | 12. снег; идти (о снеге) |
| 13. snowflake | 13. снежинка |
| 14. sun | 14. солнце |
| 15. sunshine | 15. солнечный свет |
| 16. thunder | 16. гром |
| 17. wet | 17. мокрый, влажный |
| 1. wind |
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| 2. chilly |
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| 3. cold |
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| 4. hot |
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| 5. warm |
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| 6. freeze |
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| 7. hail |
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| 8. shine |
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| 9. rain |
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| 11. snow |
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| 13. weather forecast |
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| 15. temperature |
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| 17. weatherman |
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| 19. humid (climate) |
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| 21. mild (climate) |
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| 23. continental (climate) |
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| 25. lovely (weather) |
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| 27. changeable (weather) - |
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| 29. dreadful (weather) - |
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| 31. unpredictable (weather) - (погода |
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* В США, в Англии и ряде других стран для измерения температуры используется шкала, в которой температурный интервал между точками таяния льда и кипения воды (при нормальном атмосферном давлении) разделён на 180 частей - градусов Фаренгейта (°F), причём точке таяния льда присвоено значение 32°F, а точке кипения воды 212°F. шкала Фаренгейта предложена в 1724 году немецким физиком Д. Г. Фаренгейтом (D. G. Fahrenheit, 1686-1736).
| Irregular verbs table | |||
| Глагол по-русски Verb in Russian | Неопределенная форма Infinitive (В алфавитном порядке) | Простое прошедшее Past simple | Причастие II Past participle |
| пребывать, терпеть, соблюдать | abide | abode (abided) | abode (abided) |
| возникать, появляться | arise | arose | arisen |
| быть | be | was/were | been |
| нести, рожать | bear | bore | born / borne |
| бить | beat | beat | beaten |
| становится | become | became | become |
| начинать | begin | began | begun |
| гнуть | bend | bent | bent |
| держать пари | bet | bet | bet |
| предлагать цену | bid | bade/bid | bidden/bid |
| связывать | bind | bound | bound |
| кусаться | bite | bit | bitten |
| кровоточить | bleed | bled | bled |
| дуть | blow | blew | blown |
| ломать | break | broke | broken |
| выращивать | breed | bred | bred |
| приносить | bring | brought | brought |
| вещать по радио, телевидению | broadcast | broadcast (broadcasted) | broadcast (broadcasted) |
| строить | build | built | built |
| гореть, жечь | burn | burnt (burned) | burnt (burned) |
| взрываться | burst | burst (bursted) | burst (bursted) |
| покупать | buy | bought | bought |
| бросать, проводить кастинг | cast | cast | cast |
| ловить | catch | caught | caught |
| выбирать | choose | chose | chosen |
| цепляться, липнуть | cling | clung | clung |
| одевать(ся) | clothe | clad (clothed) | clad (clothed) |
| приходить | come | came | come |
| стоить | cost | cost | cost |
| ползти | creep | crept | crept |
| резать | cut | cut | cut |
| (по)сметь | dare | durst (dared) | dared |
| вести дела | deal | dealt | dealt |
| копать | dig | dug | dug |
| нырять, погружаться | dive | dove (dived) | dived |
| делать | do | did | done |
| рисовать, тянуть | draw | drew | drawn |
| мечтать, грезить | dream | dreamed (dreamt) | dreamed (dreamt) |
| пить | drink | drank | drunk |
| водить автомобиль | drive | drove | driven |
| обитать, останавливаться | dwell | dwelt | dwelt |
| есть | eat | ate | eaten |
| падать | fall | fell | fallen |
| кормить | feed | fed | fed |
| чувствовать | feel | felt | felt |
| бороться | fight | fought | fought |
| находить | find | found | found |
| подходить, подгонять (по размеру) | fit | fit (fitted) | fitted |
| сбежать | flee | fled | fled |
| швырять, бросать | fling | flung | flung |
| летать | fly | flew | flown |
| запрещать | forbid | forbade (forbad) | forbidden |
| предсказывать, предугадывать | forecast | forecast | forecast |
| забывать | forget | forgot | forgotten |
| простить | forgive | forgave | forgiven |
| предвидеть | foresee | foresaw | foreseen |
| предсказывать, прогнозировать | foretell | foretold | foretold |
| оставлять, покидать | forsake | forsook | forsaken |
| застывать, замерзать, замораживать | freeze | froze | frozen |
| получать | get | got | got (gotten) |
| давать | give | gave | given |
| идти | go | went | gone |
| точить, молоть | grind | ground | ground |
| расти | grow | grew | grown |
| висеть | hang | hung / hanged | hung / hanged |
| иметь | have / has | had | had |
| слышать | hear | heard | heard |
| вырубать, прорубать | hew | hewed | hewn / hewed |
| прятать | hide | hid | hidden |
| попадать, ударять | hit | hit | hit |
| держать | hold | held | held |
| причинять боль | hurt | hurt | hurt |
| содержать, поддерживать | keep | kept | kept |
| становиться на колени | kneel | knelt (kneeled) | knelt (kneeled) |
| вязать, плести | knit | knit (knitted ) | knit (knitted ) |
| знать | know | knew | known |
| класть, стелить | lay | laid | laid |
| вести, лидировать | lead | led | led |
| скакать, прыгать | leap | leaped / leapt | leaped / leapt |
| учиться, узнавать | learn | learnt (learned) | learnt (learned) |
| покидать, оставлять | leave | left | left |
| давать в займы | lend | lent | lent |
| позволять | let | let | let |
| лежать | lie | lay | lain |
| зажигать, освещать | light | lit | lit |
| терять | lose | lost | lost |
| делать, мастерить | make | made | made |
| значить, иметь ввиду | mean | meant | meant |
| встречать, знакомиться | meet | met | met |
| внушать недоверия, опасения | misgive | misgave | misgiven |
| ослышаться | mishear | misheard | misheard |
| промахнуться | mishit | mishit | mishit |
| класть не на место | mislay | mislaid | mislaid |
| ввести в заблуждение | mislead | misled | misled |
| неправильно истолковывать (или читать) | misread | misread | misread |
| писать с ошибками | misspell | misspelt (misspelled) | misspelt (misspelled) |
| неправильно понимать | misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood |
| ошибаться | mistake | mistook | mistaken |
| косить | mow | mowed | mown |
| возмещать, компенсировать, | offset | offset | offset |
| перебивать цену | outbid | outbid | outbid |
| превосходить | outdo | outdid | outdone |
| перегонять, опережать | outrun | outran | outrun |
| преодолеть, победить | overcome | overcame | overcome |
| превышать кредит, перерасходовать | overdraw | overdrew | overdrawn |
| платить | pay | paid | paid |
| умолять, просить о помощи | plead | pled (pleaded) | pled (pleaded) |
| класть, ставить | put | put | put |
| выходить, покидать, бросать | quit | quit (quitted) | quit (quitted) |
| читать | read | read | read |
| возвращать, делать сброс | reset | reset | reset |
| избавлять | rid | rid | rid |
| ездить верхом | ride | rode | ridden |
| звонить | ring | rang | rung |
| восходить, подниматься | rise | rose | risen |
| бежать | run | ran | run |
| сказать | say | said | said |
| видеть | see | saw | seen |
| искать | seek | sought | sought |
| продавать | sell | sold | sold |
| посылать | send | sent | sent |
| сажать, устанавливать | set | set | set |
| шить | sew | sewed | sewn (sewed) |
| трясти | shake | shook | shaken |
| бриться | shave | shaved | shaven (shaved) |
| стричь | shear | sheared | shorn (sheared) |
| проливать | shed | shed | shed |
| светить, сиять | shine | shone (shined) | shone (shined) |
| стрелять | shoot | shot | shot |
| показывать | show | showed | shown |
| сжиматься | shrink | shrank / shrunk | shrunk / shrunken |
| закрывать, затворять | shut | shut | shut |
| петь | sing | sang | sung |
| погружаться, опускаться | sink | sank / sunk | sunk |
| сидеть | sit | sat | sat |
| убивать (тж. переносн.) | slay | slain (slayed в переносном смысле) | slain (slayed в переносном смысле) |
| спать | sleep | slept | slept |
| скользить | slide | slid | slid |
| бросать, швырять | sling | slung | slung |
| пахнуть, нюхать | smell | smelt | smelt |
| разбить, сразить | smite | smote | smitten |
| говорить | speak | spoke | spoken |
| мчаться | speed | sped (speeded) | sped (speeded) |
| читать по буквам | spell | spelt (spelled) | spelt (spelled) |
| тратить, проводить | spend | spent | spent |
| разлить | spill | spilt (spilled) | spilt (spilled) |
| крутить, прясть | spin | spun | spun |
| плевать | spit | spat | spat |
| разделять, раскалывать | split | split | split |
| портить | spoil | spoilt (spoiled) | spoilt (spoiled) |
| распахнуть, распространять | spread | spread | spread |
| прыгать, скакать | spring | sprang | sprung |
| стоять | stand | stood | stood |
| воровать | steal | stole | stolen |
| втыкать, прилепить | stick | stuck | stuck |
| жалить | sting | stung | stung |
| вонять | stink | stank | stunk |
| бастовать, ударять | strike | struck | struck |
| нанизать, натянуть | string | strung | strung |
| клясться, ругаться | swear | swore | sworn |
| подметать | sweep | swept | swept |
| разбухать, надуваться | swell | swelled | swollen (swelled) |
| плавать | swim | swam | swum |
| качать | swing | swung | swung |
| брать | take | took | taken |
| обучать | teach | taught | taught |
| рвать | tear | tore | torn |
| рассказывать | tell | told | told |
| думать | think | thought | thought |
| бросать | throw | threw | thrown |
| толкать, совать, колоть | thrust | thrust | thrust |
| ступать | tread | trod | trodden / trod |
| подрезать; сбивать цены | undercut | undercut | undercut |
| подвергаться, претерпевать | undergo | underwent | undergone |
| понимать | understand | understood | understood |
| отменять, уничтожать, расстегивать | undo | undid | undone |
| поддерживать, утверждать | uphold | upheld | upheld |
| опрокинуть, расстроиться | upset | upset | upset |
| будить | wake | woke (waked) | waked (woken) |
| перехватывать, подстерегать | waylay | waylaid | waylaid |
| носить, одевать | wear | wore | worn |
| ткать | weave | wove (weaved) | wove (weaved) |
| жениться, выходить/выдавать замуж | wed | wed | wed (wedded) |
| плакать, запотевать | weep | wept | wept |
| мочить, увлажнять | wet | wet (wetted) | wet (wetted) |
| побеждать | win | won | won |
| заводить (часы), наматывать | wind | wound | wound |
| противостоять | withstand | withstood | withstood |
| скрутить, сжимать, выжимать | wring | wrung | wrung |
| писать | write | wrote | written |