B. Criticize a past action
1. Kate left the door unlocked.
2. I sat in the sun all day.
3. Ann went to the country in that nasty weather.
4. You overslept that morning & were late for your classers.
5. My sister didn’t feel well yesterday but went to the disco.
6. The girl’s feeling sick. She has eaten too much ice-cream.
7. It was rather cold yesterday but Nick didn’t put on a warm jacket. Now he’s ill.
8. I needed this book very much but I didn’t buy it.
9. She spent the whole night at the disco club.
10. The secretary didn’t pass the letter to Mr. Brown.
6. Combine the modal verb “should” with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. He felt the need to rejoin Peyrot – he should (to go) so weeks before.
2. I must leave it up to you whether this information should or shouldn’t (to make) public.
3. “I’ll show you”, said Axel. “Your sister’s had a ling exhausting day and should (to be) in bed
an hour ago.
4. Never. Never I should (to do) it. The whole situation couldn’t be worse.
5. Edwina settled on the bank with her little girl and opened a huge pink parasol. Monet should
(to paint) them in its glow.
6. I don’t feel at all well. See me home, Gerald … I shouldn’t (to come).
7. Despite these complications we should (to have) the patients abroad in three hours.
8. The entry is closed with a curtain, which should (to paint) to resemble tapestry.
9. I’m afraid I should (to be) the last person to know about it.
10. They have a wonderful language. It should (to know) widely.
Translate into English.
1. Вам следует быть более внимательным и не делать никаких грубых ошибок.
2. С какой стати вы должны делать всё сами? Ваша дочь уже может помогать вам.
3. Вы не должны задавать никакие вопросы.
4. Вам бы следовало обращаться к друзьям.
5. Напрасно ты ему звонила. Нужно было идти прямо туда.
6. Тебе не следует расстраиваться по таким пустякам.
7. Почему бы тебе не взять меня с собой в это путешествие.
8. Откуда я могу знать, нужно это делать или нею
9. Вам следует помочь ей.
10. Вам следовало бы извиниться: вы не правы.
11. Вам следовало сходить туда и поговорить с ними.
12. Вам надо было прочитать книгу в прошлом году.
13. Вы не должны были беспокоиться.
14. Не следует говорить с ней по-английски.
OUGHT TO
1. State the meaning of the verb “ought” in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. He ought to have known: he ought to have given them warning.
2. “I think dear” she said, we ought to find the little path that escaped us last night.
3. I ought never to have left the house I shall return there at once.
4. “When are we going to get married, Allie?” She answered him in a soft voice. “I don’t know, I think we ought to wait.
5. She ought to know the truth.
6. Oh the I suppose I oughtn’t to have told you.
7. I want to tell Constance something she ought to know.
8. You don’t know how keen I am to get started. There are ought to be opportunities here.
9. Just imagine him talking all that stuff seriously. He ought to have known I didn’t mean it.
10. There was another lad with you, in and out last night. He ought to be here.
11. All the same I think you ought to apologize to the lady.
12. I think you ought to write to your mother.
13. Nicky, we ought to go back.
2. Combine the modal verb “ought” with the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. He said abruptly: “You were right. It was enteric. I ought (to shoot) for not recognizing it”.
2. Ruth ought (to sit) where she was next to her host.
3. Andrew felt he ought (to convince).
4. I’m going to do what we ought (to do) a week ago.
5. Ann is getting very shaky, she ought (to have) a doctor.
6. I think, Miss Larson, that there is something you ought (to tell).
7. She looked up at him. “Anything more?” I ought (to go) now”.
8. I suppose a doctor ought (to see) her tomorrow.
9. The house ought most probably (to surround) by a thick forest of twining roses.
10. Mr. Carfied ought never (to let) him go off alone the way he did.
Translate into English.
1. Вам следует чаще навещать её. Она очень скучает без вас.
2. Вам нужно было пользоваться словарём, вы не сделали много орфографических ошибок.
3. Завтра, вероятно, будет хорошая погода.
4. Вам нужно было объяснить ей, что она была неправа.
5. Вы должны знать, что существует много эффективных путей изучения иностранных языков.
6. Вам нужно было проявить больше вкуса в выборе подарка.
7. Вам не следовало говорить такие вещи в её присутствие.
8. Тебе следует по чаще писать своим родителям.
9. Я должна была поздравить его вчера, но совсем забыла о его дне рождения.
10. Я считаю, что мне следует сказать им всю правду.
SHOULD – OUGHT TO
1. Rewrite the sentences, using “should” or “ought to”.
1. The Conservatives are expected to win the next election.
2. There will probably be a lot of people at the meeting.
3. The weather forecast says it will probably be fine weather.
4. Our visitors were expected to arrive long before now.
5. It probably won’t be too difficult to get over the problem.
6. The meeting was expected to have finished by now.
7. The organizers of the games will probably be meeting tomorrow to try to resolve any outstanding problems.
8. We didn’t expect that it would take so long to get there.
9. The new regulations probably won’t affect foreigners already living in this country.
10. We expect to be able to move into out new house at the end of the month.
Translate into English.
1. Тебе следует сегодня раньше лечь спать, чтобы завтра раньше встать.
2. Уже поздно. Соседи, наверное, уже спят. Не стоит так громко включать радио.
3. Петя, не нужно с ним спорить. Он все равно его не убедит.
4. Нам нужно было поехать на метро, а не автобусом. Мы бы уже были дома.
5. Мне нужно остаться посоле уроков? Ты считаешь, что я должна ему помочь?
6. Тебе не нужно было приходить. Ты только потерял время.
3. To practice “should”/”ought” to make up situations of your own using the following patterns.
1. Тебе надо бы (следовало бы, нужно бы) ..
- сделать что-нибудь для него.
- помочь ему в трудные дни.
- еще раз прочитать свое сочинение. Там есть ошибки.
- знать об этом.
2. Тебе не следовало бы ( не надо бы, не нужно бы)…
- говорить никому об этом
- оставаться дома.
- вмешиваться в их дела.
- разговаривать с ним таким тоном. Он мог обидеться.
3. Зачем мне (с какой стати)…
- делать это,
- ходить туда?
- звонить ему?
- встречать ее на вокзале и провожать домой?
4. Откуда я знаю…
- что они сейчас обсуждают на встрече?
- что она сейчас делает?
- что с ним делать?
- куда она положила эту телеграмму?
5. Уж он-то знает, …
- что делать в такой ситуации.
- как это сделать.
- как она нуждается сейчас в помощи.
- как сделать правильный выбор.
Translate into English.
1. Вам следует поверить ему.
2 .Вам следует оставить ей записку. Она придет поздно.
3. Я не думаю, что вы должны разговаривать с ним таким тоном.
4. Вам следует вернуть эту книгу в библиотеку сегодня.
5. Ему следовало бы прислушаться к нашему мнению.
6. Тебе не следовало ходить туда без предупреждения.
7. Ей следовало бы распознать всю правду.
8. С какой стати вы должны все делать сами? Она может помочь вам.
9. Вам бы следовало обратиться за советом к ним.
10. Завтра день рождения твоей сестры. Я думаю, что ты должен подарить ей что-нибудь.
11. Тебе следует захватить плащ. Может пойти дождь.
12. Ну, что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо было это сделать.
13. Если у тебя болит зуб, тебе надо обратиться к врачу.
WILL / WOULD
| Meaning | Forms of the modal verb | Ways of rendering in Russian | Forms of the Infinitive | Kinds of sentences | Some other ways of expressing the same meaning | Sentence patterns |
| 1. Volition (willingness, readiness, consent, intention, determination. | I will (would) I won’t (wouldn’t) We will (would) We won’t (wouldn’t) | Хочу (желаю) Не желаю Не допущу Не позволю | Indefinite Infinitive | affirmative negative | I intend … I’m willing … We wish … We want … I’m determined … | I will tellhim about your coming, so he can meet you. I’ve often spoken at public meetings but this time I won’t. You may come if you will, but you won’t find the meeting amusing. I said I would take part in the conference. |
| 2.a)Pesristence of refusal to perform an action. b) Refusal to perform an action with lifeless things. | will (would) won’t (wouldn’t) won’t wouldn’t will (would) | Все равно ( делает), упорно отказывается, никак не, продолжает (делать) | affirmative negative | He insists on … She keeps on … She refuses … They continue … | The teacher scolds her for whispering at the lesson, but she will whisper. I asked him to tell me the truth, but he wouldn’t. I couldn’t explain anything because the words wouldn’t come. He tried hard to stop the car, but it would move. | |
| 3. Requests (polite requests, polite invitations and suggestions). | will would | interrogative | Could you give … May I ask you to give … | Will you pass me the salt? Would you come to tea this afternoon? Will youhave another cup of tea? | ||
| 4. Habitual or recurrent actions. | will(the present tense) (not common) would(the pat tense) (literary style) | Обычно бывало | affirmative | Used to | That romantic girlwill sitstaring at the night sky. Hewould fishfor hours without catching anything. |
Note:
I. Remember the following set phrases:
- would rather, would sooner. I would rather do it myself. He would sooner die than do it.
- Wouldyou mindmy staying here? I wouldn’t mind your joining us.
II. Willmay express supposition with reference to the present or future in combination with the indefinite infinitive, or to the past in combination with the perfect infinitive. The meaning is found with the second and third persons. e.g. This will be the school, I believe. You will have heardthe news, I’m sure.
III. Notice the use of will in the following sentences: e.g. Boys will beboys.
Accidents will happen.
You will findno greater wisdom than kindness.
1. State the meaning of the verb “will”/ “would”. Translate into Russian.
1. Will you tell her that if there is anything else she wished to see I will bring him?
2. “Kindly inform Mr. Brandsom that I will see him shortly, if he would be so king as to wait a
few minutes.”
3. I will not go till you listen to me.
4. You will write and tell her about it and ask her to come up and meet him.
5. I will be a good wife to you. For love of you. I will work my fingers to the bone.
6. I won’t go back to him. I won’t let him have the children.
7. I gave him books to read, but after a page or two he would put the book down and stare
miserably into space.
8. “I won’t have you say anything against him,” she cried.
9. He would spend hours lying absolutely still, watching his window sill.
10. “Ann works very hard, Mum, I told you.” – Nice work, too. I wouldn’t let a daughter of mine
do it.
11. I won’t see her. No thing will induce me to see her.
12. “And I swear, she said wrathfully turning at bay, that I won’t live a day after you.
13. She won’t speak. She lies on her back quite quietly.
14. Will you clear away the dinner things?
15. If you will clear away the dinner things. I’ll make the coffee.
2. Replace the words in italics by “will” or “would”+ present infinitive.
1. My children love watching TV. They sit for hours without saying a word.
2. He’s very absent-minded. He often buys things and then leaves the shop without paying.
3. My wife persistently leaves things where other people can fall over them.
4. When we lived in the north, the water pipes used to freeze every winter, and we had to call in
a plumber.
5. The chairman’s main fault was that he persistently interrupted the speakers before they had
finished.
6. I tried to refuse his invitation, but he repeatedly insisted on my coming!
7. Why do you persist in being so difficult?
8. My headmaster had greatly authority. Whenever he spoke; everyone used to listen attentively.
9. No wonder the house is cold! You always go out and leave the doors open!
10. In the nineteenth century, people used to go to church on Sundays a matter of course.
3. Complete the sentences with “will/”won’t”/”would”/”wouldn’t”.
a.
1. She ___ speak. She lies on her back quite quietly. She doesn’t move for hours at a time.
2. I ___ see her. Nothing ____ induce me to see her.
3. I ___ go till you listen to me. I ____ stay here. Do you understand me?
4. I ____ say that we are disillusioned, but I ____ say that we are distressed.
5. She ___ stand any nonsense.
6. I ___ say it again and again.
7. When I came she ____ speak to me. She told them to send me away.
8. I do hate fuss. I ___ stand it.
9. All that I ____ tell them was that uncle Nick was ill.
10. “I want to have a talk with you. ___ you sit down?” – “No, I ___ sit down,” he answered aggressively.
b.
1. I asked hers several times to be careful but she ____ listen to me.
2. He ___ sit for hours reading, paying no attention to what was going on around him.
3. He was a nice boy but he talk about himself all the time.
4. I ___ keep you any longer.
5. But we ___ win, we have to win.
6. If you something away, you need it the next day.
7. On Sundays when we were kids, mother ____ make us pancakes for breakfast.
8. The car ___ start.
9. I really ___ give up smoking tomorrow.
10. I’m tired ___ think I ___ go to bed now.
11. If anything can go wrong it ____.
4. State whether the verb will/would is a modal verb or an auxiliary verb.
1. “Would you do that for me?” – Yes, I will.
2. I never thought the day would come when I’d be a hotel keeper.
3. I know it is such a blow to you. I will not add further news.
4. I was informed that he had gone out early and they didn’t know when he would be back.
5. There can also have been no positive evidence, or the police would have got hold of it.
6. If you do I will never forgive you. I will never speak to you again.
7. I wouldn’t make a scene if I were you.
8. He decided he would speak to her in the train coming home.
9. She would have been a star if she had not given up the stage to marry me.
10. She felt she would give a good deal to overhear what was going on.
5. Complete the sentences with “will”/”would” + verbs form them box.