Car accidents, her friends, the people I invited, birds, my dinner, the houses, the population, these books, European countries, her opinions, my spare time
1. I haven't read many of these books.
2. All cars are unsafe.
3. I spend most... gardening.
4. It's a historic town. Many ... are over 400 years old.
5. Many ... are caused by bad driving.
6. When she got married she kept it a secret. She didn't tell any ....
7. Not many people live in the north of the country. Most ... live in the south.
8. Not all ... can fly. For example the penguin can't fly.
9. None ... to the party could come, so I cancelled it.
10. Julia and I have very different ideas. I don't agree with many ....
3. Complete these sentences using the words in brackets. Sometimes no other words are necessary. Sometimes you need the or of the.
1. I wasn't well yesterday. I spend most of the day in bed. (most/day)
2. Some cars can go faster then others, (some/cars)
3. ... drive too fast, (many/people)
4. ... you took on holiday were very good, (some/photographs)
5. ... learn more quickly than others, (some/people)
6. We've eaten ... we bought. There's very little left, (most/food)
7. Have you spent ... you borrowed? (all/money)
8. Peter can't stop talking. He talks .... (all/times)
9. We had a lazy holiday. We spent ... on the beach, (most/time)
10. George is easy to get on with. ... like him. (most/people)
11. The exam was difficult I could only answer .... (half/ questions)
4. Complete the sentences. Use all/some/none + of them/us (all of it/some of them, etc.)
1. These books are all Jane's. None of them belong to me.
2. "How many of these books have you read?" - "... Every one".
3. We all got wet in the rain because ... had an umbrella.
4. Some of this money is yours and ... is mine.
5. I asked some people for directions but ... were able to help me.
6. She made up the whole story from beginning to end. ... was true.
7. Not all the tourists in the group were Spanish. ... were French.
8. I watched most of the film but not ....
| Both/both of, neither/neither of, either/either of. |
We use both/neither/either for two things. You can use these words with a noun (both books, neither book, etc.).
For example, you are talking about going out to eat this evening. There are two restaurants where you can go.
You say: Both restaurants are very good, (not the both restaurants.) Neither restaurant is expensive. We can go to either restaurant. I don't mind, (either = one or the others, it doesn 't matter which one.)
Both of... / neither of... / either of ....
When you use both/neither/either/+ of, you always need the/these/those/my/your/his/Tom's ... , etc.
You cannot say "both of restaurants".
You have to say "both of the restaurants", "both of those restaurants" etc.:
Both of these restaurants are very good.
Neither of the restaurants we went to was (or were) expensive.
I haven't been in either of those restaurants.
// is possible to say:
Both my parents are from London or both of my parents.
You can use both of/neither of/either of +us/you/them;
(talking to two people) Can either of you speak English?
I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them knew.
After neither of... a singular or a plural verb is possible.
Neither of the children wants (or want) to go to bed.
You can also use both/neither/either alone.
I couldn't decide which of the two shirts to buy. I liked both (or I liked both of them).
"Do you want tea or coffee?" "Either. I don't mind".
Practice
1. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either.
1. "Do you want tea or coffee?" - "Either. I really don't mind".
2. "What day is it today - the 15th or the 19lh?" -".... It's the 20'"".
3. "There are two sandwiches here. Do you mind which I take?"-"No. Take...".
4. "Where did you go for your holidays-Scotland or Ireland?" - "We went to .... A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland".
5. "When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon?" - "... I'll be in all day".
6. "Where is Kate? Is she at work or at home?" - "... She is away on holiday".
2. Complete the sentences with both/neither/either. Use of where necessary.
1. Both (of) my parents are from London.
2. To get to the town center, you can go along the foot path by the river or you can go along the road. You can go ... away.
3. I tried twice to phone George but... times he was out.
4. ... Tom's parents are English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian.
5. I saw an accident this morning. One car drove into the back of another. Fortunately ... driver was injured but ... cars were quite badly damaged.
6. I've got two sisters and a brother. My brother is working but... my sisters are still at school.
3. Complete the sentences withboth/neither/either of us/them.
1. I asked two people the way to the station but neither of them could help me.
2. I was invited to two parties last week but I didn't go to ....
3. There were two windows in the room. It was very warm so I opened ....
4. Sarah and I played tennis together regularly but ... can play very well.
5. I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but... had it.
All, every and whole
All and whole
Whole - complete, entire. Most often we use whole with singular nouns.
Did you read the whole book? (= all the book, not just a
part of it.)
She has lived her whole life in Scotland.
We normally use the/my/her etc. before whole.
Compare whole and all:
The whole book/all the book.
Her whole life/ all her life.
You can also use a whole.
Jack was so hungry, he ate a whole packet of biscuits. (- a
complete packet)
We do not normally use whole with uncountable nouns.
We say: I've spent all money you gave me. (not "the whole money ")
Every/all/whole with time words.
We use every to say how often something happens. So we say every day/every Monday/every ten minutes etc.
When we were on holiday, we went to the beach every day.
= the complete day from the beginning to the end.
We spent all day/the whole day on the beach.
He was very quiet. He didn't say a word all evening/the whole evening.
Compare all the time and every time:
They never go out. They are at home all the time.(= always - not "every time ")
Every timeI see you, you look different. (= each time, on
every occasion)
Practice
1. Write sentences with whole.
1. I read a book from the beginning to end. I read the whole book.
2. Everyone in the team played well. The ....
3. Paul opened the box of chocolates. When he finished eating there were no chocolates left in the box. He ate ....
4. The police came to the house. They were looking for something. They searched everywhere, every room They ....
5. Ann worked from early in the morning until late in the evening.....
6. Everyone in Dave and Judy's family plays tennis. Dave and Judy play and so do their children. The ....
7. Jack and Jill went on holiday to the seaside for a week. It rained from the beginning of the week to the end. It....
Now write the sentences 5 and 7 again using allinstead of whole.
8. Ann....
9.....
2. Complete the sentences using everywith one of the following: five minutes ten minutes four hours six months four years
1. The bus service is very good. There is a bus every ten minutes.
2. Tom is ill. He has some medicine. He has to take it ....
3. The Olympic Games take place ....
4. We live near a busy airport. A plane flies over our house ....
5. It's a good idea to have a check-up with the dentist.....
3. Which is the correct alternative ?
1. I've spent the whole money/all the money you gave me (all the money is correct).
2. She works every day/all days except Sunday.
3. I'm tired. I've been working hard all the day/all day.
4. It was a terrible fire. Whole building/The whole building was destroyed.
5. I've been trying to phone her all day but every time/all the time I phone her the line is engaged.
6. I don't like the weather here. It rains every time/all the time.
7. When I was on holiday, all my luggage/my whole luggage was stolen.
Reciprocal pronouns
Each other
One another
Study the difference between selvesand each other:
Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.(= Tom and Ann looked at Tom and Ann.)
But: Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other.
You can use one another instead of each other.
For example:
How long have you and Bill known one another?(or known each other.)
Sue and Ann don't like each other,(or don't like one another.)
Practice
1. Complete the sentences with -selves or each other.
1. How long have you and Bill known each other!
2. If people work too hard, they can make ... ill.
3. I need you and you need me. We need ....
4. In Britain friends often give ... presents at Christmas.
5. Some people are very selfish. They only think of... .
6. Nora and I don't see ... very often these days.
7. We couldn't get back into the house. We had locked ... out.
8. They've had an argument. They are not speaking to ... at the moment.
9. We'd never met before, so we introduced ... to ... .
2. Express surprise using each other.
Model: James and Philip, to be at the party. - James and Phillip were at the party. - Didn't they recognize each other?
1. Alice, to meet John at the park, not to talk.
2. Elsa, to come to see Richard, to tell the truth.
3. Caroline and Mary, to do the translation, to help.
4. Angela and Dick, to go to the party, to have fun.
5. Alex and Barbara, to go for a walk to play badminton.
6. Helen, to go to the station to meet Maggie, to find.
7. Charlie, to talk to Fred, to understand.
8. Elizabeth and Andrew, to speak on the phone, to hear.
9. Natalie and Martin, to be friends, to love.
10. John and Emily, to go to the South, to see.
Demonstrative pronouns
We use thisand theseto talk about things near the speaker. We use thatand thoseto talk about things that are further away from the speaker.
| Number | Form |
| singular | this / that |
| plural | these / those |
Both these pronouns can be used for persons and things.
Practice
1 Ask for precise information using this, these, that, those and
one or ones.
Remember that we use one instead of a singular noun (an old map - an old one); we use ones instead of a plural noun (the old maps - the old ones).
Model: - Dan, to want, a piece of cheese cake, large. - Dan
wants that piece of cheese cake.
- Do you mean the large one?
1. Ada, to want, a photo, small.
2. Andrew, to want, a cup of tea, large.
3. Jack, to need, ties, grey.
4. Barbara, to want, a skirt, black.
5. Oliver, to need exercise books, thick.
6. Alice, to need, boxes, yellow.
7. James, to want, a toy, small.
8. Robert, to want, a cup of coffee, black.
9. Betty, to need, stamps, old.
10. Grace, to want, apples, red.
11. Phil, to need, a map, old.
2. Put this, these, it or they into the gaps.
Model: A. Bob, this is my mother.
B. Hello, Mrs Smith.
a. Take ... bags into the kitchen.
b. I don't like ... music.
c. A. Is ... book John's?
B. Yes,... is.
d. A. Are ... books Mary's?
B. Yes,... are.
e. A. How much are ... glasses?
B. ...'re cheap.
f. A.... exercise is very easy.
B. No,... isn't. ...'s difficult!
3. Put that, those, it or they into the gaps.
1. Is ... your brother over there?
2. Look at... beautiful flowers!
3. What's ... in your bag?
4. Is ... house Ann's? Yes, ... is.
5. Are ... boys your brothers? Yes, ... are.
6. How much is... hi-fi? ...'s $350.
7. Do you like ... shrimps? No, I don't. ...'re horrible.