VIII.Составьте аннотацию к тексту (2-3 предложения). I.Прочитайте и переведите текст

ВАРИАНТ №20

I.Прочитайте и переведите текст

MACHINE TOOLS —

A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS

The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.

There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts another metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.

Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves — machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.

Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automation is one of the main factors of engineering progress.

Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production and will serve to increase the productivity.

TSIOLKOVSKY'S DREAM NEARS REALIZATION

The young man spent hours over ideas he had put down in a schoolboy's notebook. In a home-made machine he made lots of experiments to see how living things withstood the effects of gravity and acceleration. The date was 1879, in the small Russian village near Ryazan. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was 22, waiting for a post of a schoolmaster.

The problem at which he worked was interplanetary travel. Though Tsiolkovsky soon began a long career as a teacher of mathematics, man's penetration into space remained his life-long study.

In 1883 he noted that the rocket would be the only man-made instrument able to reach space. The prediction was published only in 1954, when his collected works were printed by the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

The mathematical terms of space travel were worked out by Tsiolkovsky as early as 1895 in a manuscript "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Reaction-Propelled Apparatus". When it was published in 1903, Tsiolkovsky won immediate international recognition, especially among the pioneers of aviation science.

In order to get money for his researches Tsiolkovsky tried to publish his book "Outside the Earth" in 1916, in which he described the imaginary flight of a manned rocket ship in orbit about the earth.

It was only in 1920 that the book was published and it fired the imagination of other scientists in our country as well as.abroad. In 1929 when Tsiolkovsky was 72, Professor Herman Obert, a German scientist, wrote to him: "You kindled this fire. We shall not let it die. It is necessary that man's greatest dream should be realized."

In the book "Outside the Earth" Tsiolkovsky assembled a group of famous scientists in an imaginary mountain laboratory: Galileo, Newton, Laplace, Helmholz, Franklin and a modest Russian named Ivanov. At their disposal is an army of the world's best engineers and technicians. The year is 2017.

Together the scientists work out the theories of cosmic flight. They test rockets and fuels, discuss ways of living aboard a rocket, and design a 300-ton spaceship. The voyage that follows is described very vividly. Some of the details of this imaginary flight you have seen in reality on your own TV screen — weightless objects floating around a cosmonaut, the black sky of space, the blast-off of a man-carrying rocket.

In. 1935 Tsiolkovsky wrote "All who are occupied with writing science fiction are doing good work; they excite interest, promote the working of the brain and bring into being people who will work on grand projects in the future."

SIBERIAN OIL GIANT

Until Surgut's vast oil reserves began to be exploited in the late 70s, the territory bordering the river Ob saw only Khanti tribes,¹ who camped on patches of dry land and survived on fish and berries. Now Surgut is a town of 260,000 people, most of whom are working at one of Russia's biggest oil companies.

At the time when production is collapsing at other oil companies, during the financial crisis, they manage to have stable, low-cost production and look much better positioned than most competitors in the field of oil production. Today Surgut is the Russian oil industry's lowest-cost profitable producer.

Most investments go toward improving existing oil fields, rather than² making new ones. The company has invested much in horizontal drilling which can increase fivefold³ the flow of an old well.⁴ Half of the horizontal wells worked out in Russia at the end of the 20th century are drilled in Surgut. Millions have already been invested in roads, power lines and pipelines in the area. Analysts recognize Surgut's power and say it is the best oil company in Russia today.

But the labour conditions are rather hard in Surgut. In Canada, drilling platforms are enclosed in concrete walls which enable the workers to be protected from cold. In Surgut, which is situated near the Arctic Circle, the platforms are open, and at temperatures of minus 50 degrees, the eyes of the workers sometimes freeze shut.⁵

But most people in Surgut are true Siberians who don't want to live and work anywhere else.

1. Khanti tribes— племена хантов

2. rather than —а не

3. fivefold— в пять раз

4. an old well— зд. старая скважина

5. the eyes ... freeze shut— веки смерзаются

II.Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1) machine tools 6) the imaginary flight

2) some of them 7) at their disposal

3) basic operations 8) in the field of oil production

4) living things 9) biggest oil companies

5) man's penetration into space 10)ways of living

III.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1) установлены на верстаке 6) финансовый кризис

2) станок с механическим приводом 7) большинство

конкурентов

3) карьера учителя 8) существующие нефтяные

месторождения

4) научная фантастика 9) условия труда

5) теории космического полета 10) где-либо еще

IV.Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

Product, close, invest, big, school, note, work, them, planet, profit.

V.Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов: общий, альтернативный, разделительный, два специальных: а) к подлежащему, б) к любому члену предложения.

VI.Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: формы глаголовto be, to have; оборот there is/are; степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий; множественное число существительных; Present, Past, Future Simple Active/Passive; модальные глаголы.

1. There are some basic operations at any workshop

2. Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance.

3. The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited.

4. The voyage that follows is described very vividly.

5. They manage to have stable, low-cost production and look much better positioned than most competitors in the field of oil production.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по текстам:

1 What basic operations at any workshop do you know?

2 What is a lathe?

3 What was the problem at which Tsiolkovsky worked?

4 What prediction was published in 1954?

5 How does Surgut look today?

6 What do analysts say about Surgut's power?