Ex. 464. A. Insert used to or would

1. When we were young we ... spend every summer on the beach. We ... swim, sunbathe, catch crabs. 2. We ... live in this street. 3.1 ... meet her and she ... say, "Can't stop. I must get home." 4. Mr. Dobson ... be very generous to his servants. 5. She ... often hear him grumbling to himself. 6. What an agreeable town this ... be! 7. On Sundays he ... sleep late. 8. My English friends ... send me cards at Christmas time. 9. Whenever I went on hikes with my friends, we ... make a wood fire, bake potatoes, play the guitar and sing songs. 10. The museum ... be in the city centre. 11. — Oh, I've become so absent-minded! — But you ... be very punctual. 12. — Does Denny smoke? — He ... , but I think he has given it up. 13. Julia never ... be aggressive. 14. Every Saturday evening, Father ... take out his old accordion and start to play old songs. Mother ... look at us severely if we laughed or made a noise. Sometimes Father ... go on for hours. 15. My Grandfather ... smoke like a chimney. 16. The Romans ... enjoy gladiatorial shows.

B. Discuss with other students what you used to do and what you didn't use to do when you were a child (a teenager).

Ex. 465.Translate into English.

1. Я бы очень хотела, чтобы ты не говорила об этом, мама. 2. Мы ждем уже полчаса, а поезда все нет. 3. Давай остановимся! Не годится портить наши хо­рошие отношения. 4. Видишь ли, это выглядело бы странно, если бы ты пошел туда. 5. Мы уговариваем ее уйти на пенсию, но она и слушать не хочет. 6. Он пообещал, что вскоре навестит их. 7. Что-то случи­лось с замком, и чемодан никак не открывался-8. Никто не предполагал, что французы выиграют кубок. 9. Можно подумать, что мир остановился бы без нее. 10. Было бы интересно увидеть его реакцию на эту новость. 11. Мистер Грант, бывало, проводил часы в кабинете, рисуя фамильное древо. 12. Как она ни старалась, сон не шел к ней. 13. Хотелось бы, что­бы вы не курили здесь. 14. — Я слышу звон буты­лок на пороге. — Это точно молочник. 15. Все улики были против него, но он упорно не признавал своей вины. 16. Он пытался что-то сказать, но слова не шли. 17. Он имел обыкновение рассказывать нам о своем детстве. 18. У него было обыкновение принимать таб­летки перед сном? 19. У нее не было привычки спать после обеда. 20. У меня никогда не было обыкнове­ния так говорить.

Ex 466.Fill in the spaces with should (have), would (have).

1. He ... do as he is told or it ... be the worse for him. 2. He ... know better if he were a little older. 3. ... the guests arrive before the time, show them into the drawing-room. 4. He has been misled by people who ... have known better. 5.1... be ashamed to acknowledge my cowardice, if I were in your place. 6. Most savages ... run away if they heard a gun for the first time. 7.1... learn music if I only had the time. 8. God promised Noah after the flood that day and night, summer and winter ... not cease, and that there ... never come another flood upon the earth. 9. One ... see and hear much, and speak little, and one ... only believe the half of what he hears. 10. Those who live in glass houses ... not throw stones. 11.1 made up my mind that he ... pay what he owed me. 12. He was so miserly that he ... not give anything to the poor. 13. It seemed so incredible that I... not believe it at first. 14. People who ... hear good of themselves, ... not listen behind doors. 15. The donkey ... not go any faster even when he was beaten. 16.1 said you were wrong, but you were so obstinate that you ... listen to it. 17. ... misfortune overtake us, we must trust in Providence. 18. You ... not be so easily cast down by a small misfortune. 19. He ...have written better, if he had had more time. 20.1... have arrived on time, if I had not lost my watch.

Ex. 467.Insert the verbs can, could, may, might, should, would

1. It is very curious that you ... take that view. 2. It is disappointing that he ... know so little. 3. If the enterprise ... succeed, he will be a rich man. 4.1 hope I... be famous some day. 5.1... not despair even though I... lose all my money. 6. He declared he ... not believe it, even though he ... see it with his own eyes. 7. It ...be so, though I doubt it. 8. He ... perhaps succeed, if he changed his way of living. 9. If there were less ice it... be easy to reach the Pole. 10.1... come and see you next summer, but my plans are not fixed. 11. If the matter were less involved, I... possibly be able to help you. 12. However poor a man ... be, he has always something to be thankful for. 13. If it... turn out wet, we must seek shelter where we can. 14.1 am grieved that you ... be so overworked. 15. If disaster... come upon us, we will cling to our leader. 16. Pigs ... fly, but they ... be strange birds. 17. If that... happen, we could only say it was contrary to our experience. 18. Yet we trust that the sun ... continue to rise as before, and that we ... be alive to enjoy its warmth.

Shall

Ex. 468.Read and translate the sentences Comment on the meanings of the verb shall

1. That's against the law! I shall complain to the council. 2. Well, what shall we do next? 3. Shall I tell you the real reason, sir? 4. Let's go there, shall we? 5. It is a clever piece of work — and useful — as you shall see. 6. "You shall retain your human forms in the Impossible World," said Old Nancy to the spies. "You shall become a hassock. You shall never, never return." 7. — Seek and you shall find. — All right, I shall try. 8. — As a man lives so shall he die. — Yes, as you sow, so shall you reap. 9. Come live with me and you shall know me. 10. Even as the 270

father was so shall the son be. 11. He is your enemy and you shall meet him everywhere. 12. He that has no money, shall need no purse. 13. He that commands well, shall be obeyed well. 14. Fragile articles, money, jewellery, business documents shall not be accepted as checked baggage. 15. Blessed be he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.

Ex 469. Translate into English

1. — Нам остаться дома или же пойти с вами? — Это вам решать. 2. — Мне ответить на телефонный зво­нок? — Да, пожалуйста. 3. Если не последуете моим приказам, то вы меня еще вспомните. 4. Как посеешь, так и пожнешь. 5. Не волнуйся, дорогая, ты получишь это кольцо. 6. Будь спокоен, ты получишь по заслу­гам. 7. Они будут следовать за вами повсюду, как тени. 8. Если послушаешь этого дилера, то точно потеряешь все свои деньги. 9. Она боится, что ей придется отве­чать за свои грехи. 10. Будь уверен, они обеспечат твою полную безопасность. 11. Если все будет в порядке, я позвоню тебе. 12. Не знаю, куда мы поедем отдыхать следующим летом. 13. Учти, ничто не останется без­наказанным. 14. Уверяю вас, ничего подобного боль­ше не произойдет. 15. Что же мне тебе посоветовать?

Ex . 470. Read and translate the sentences Comment on the meanings of the verb will

I. And I want you to help me, sir, if you will. 2. People will gossip, it's in their nature. 3.1 will wait for you for a thousand summers till you are back beside me! 4. Now, miss, if you will be so good, listen to me! 5. "I will lead you home if you will trust me," she said. 6. Whatever will be, will be! 7. Keep your mouth shut, will you? 8. — Will you invite them for the weekend? — No, they will be away. 9.1 will take no more "I love you" from you. 10. A wise man changes his mind, a fool never will. 11. There's none so blind as those who will not see 12. Boys will be boys. Sometimes girls will be boys 13. We'd like her to retire but she won't listen. 14. Еmma has a strong character: she will not do what she is told to do. 15. Friends will be friends right to the end. 16. "Bad accidents", he said, "will happen." 17. Well, I'll leave you now if you will excuse me. 18. If you think that a language is hard, it will be hard. 19. He will chair the meeting. Always.

Ex. 471.Look at the following examples and:

1. decide which of them express purely the future. 2 find a way of paraphrasing any examples which don't express futurity, but carry some modal meaning.

1. Will you have another drink? 2. Will you marry me? 3. Do you think the President will win the next election? 4. He will speak with his mouth full. 5. Trespassers will be prosecuted. 6. Opening the door will trigger off the alarm. 7. That will be the postman. 8. Oil will float on water. 9.1 shall do it. I will certainly profit by it. 10. Will you shut up! Truth will out all the same! 11. She will always have it her own way. 12. Will I be happy, will I be rich? 13. The bird will always fly away before the cat can jump on it. 14. If you will wait for me, I'll be right back. 15. He will not accept that some of us are born to rule, and others need to be ruled.

Ex. 472.Translate into English.

1. Что бы ни случилось, я всегда буду с тобой. 2. — А не потанцуешь ли ты со мной? — Потанцую. 3. Он не уверен, что справится с заданием. 4. Пойди погуляй с собакой, хорошо? 5. Преступления не скроешь. Прав­да выйдет наружу. 6. Голос крови обязательно скажет­ся. 7. Студенты есть студенты. Они все равно будут пропускать лекции. 8. Мы уговариваем ее купить ве­чернее платье, но она и слушать не хочет. 9. Справед­ливость все равно восторжествует. 10. Она всегда на­стоит на своем и ни за что не уступит. 11. Я поговорю с тобой, если ты соблаговолишь подождать меня. 12. А сейчас, если вы извините меня, мне и в самом деле пора уходить. 13. Я пытаюсь открыть баночку горчи­цы, но крышка никак не открывается. 14. Дворники в машине никак не работают (windscreen wipers).

Eх. 473. Complete the following with the verbs shall (not) or will

Jenny: Dad, ... we use cars twenty years from now? Mr. Bell: I think we ... , but they ... use petrol. They ... be electric.

Jenny: ... we still have pollution? Mr. Bell: I hope we ... , but I'm afraid we .... Jenny: And what... I be like? Mr. Bell: You ... be older. Jenny: But... I be different? Mr. Bell: You ... be taller.

Jenny: But... I turn green and drive a spaceship? Mr. Bell: Don't worry, Jenny. You... look like a Martian.

2. — ... it rain tomorrow? — If it does, I... take an umbrella. 3. — How old ... you be next birthday? — I... be thirteen. 4. — ... I do the shopping today, Mum? — Dad ... do it. 5. There ... be many interesting people in your life. 6.1 have eaten three pizzas. I hope I... be ill. 7. You ... be a successful man one day.

Ex 474. Comment on the use of the verbs shall and will.

1. You can go back to the old life if you want to, but I shall stay with my poetry and my flute and my new life. 2. "Drive carefully, Nigel," Tamara cautioned. "Don't worry, I will. See you later, darling." 3. It's absolutely monstrous! I shall complain to the Dean! 4. "Go back to Paris and leave me alone, Alex." "I will go if you will come with me, yes," he said. 5. But you'd better not try cheating in this school, young lady. I shall be keeping a very careful eye on you from now on! 6. — Happy birthday, Mother! Congratulations! And your present is being delivered later. I hope you will like it. — I'm sure I will darling. 7. Miss Honey turned and walked out of the study feeling depressed but by no means defeated. I am going to do something about this child, she told herself. I don't know what it will be, but I shall find a way to help her in the end. 8. "I don't really want to go beyond that price," she said, "but I will if I have to." 9. When you are ready to leave, I shall take you to dinner at the Ritz. 10.1 will never forget tonight as long as I live.

Ought to

Ex 475.Comment on the meaning of the modal verb ought to Translate the sentences into Russian

1. Kings ought to be kings in all things. 2. A liar ought to have a good memory. 3. We ought to weigh well what we can only once decide. 4. We pass our lives in doing what we ought not, and leaving undone what we ought to. 5. He ought to have been more tactful and would have been but for the stress of the moment. 6. Everybody thinks that I ought not to complain. 7. Molly hesitated. Ought she to accept this present from a stranger? 8. The child is delicate, she ought to have a change of air. 9.1 suppose we really ought not to be laughing at her, but I just can't help it. 10. But Jack, I've got a feeling that we ought to go on, if only we could ... . 11. Before the children could wonder what they ought to do, the King spoke. 12. You ought to remember the rule, it has been explained so many times before. 13. — He ought to have done what I told him. — Ought I to speak to him? 14. You oughtn't to have tried to escape from prison. It made things worse. 15.1 really ought to find something to take my mind off my troubles.

Ex. 476.Translate into English

1. Я чувствую, что мне следует проводить больше вре мени со своими детьми. 2. Я считаю, что мне следует отказаться от этой идеи. Игра не стоит свеч. 3. Мне следовало купить чего-нибудь к чаю, печенья или кон­фет. 4. Тебе следовало это предвидеть. 5. Следует сде­лать все возможное, чтобы помочь им. 6. Вам следует стыдиться самого себя. 7. Учителю следует знать пси­хологию ребенка. 8. Тебе следует спать, а не смотреть сериал. 9. Ирине следует быть более решительной. 10. Что мне следует сделать, чтобы ты была счастли­ва? 11. Марине следует пересмотреть свои взгляды. 12. Следует ли мне быть откровенной с ним? 13. Ему следовало бы помнить правила и ехать по левой сто­роне. 14. Тебе следует следить за своим весом.

Dare (to)

Ex . 477. Read, translate and comment on the use of the verb dare (to)

1. Molly dare not think about that. 2. Neither of them dared to speak of what he might do when he came. 3. "They dare not touch it either, even if they do know where it is," replied Old Nancy. 4. How do you dare deceive me? You are fired! 5.1 daresay, young man, it's time you settled down. 6. Still, I daresay we could reach the camp before dusk if we don't have to make too many stops. 7. She doesn't dare to go dancing. 8. Children didn't dare to misbehave. 9. Sergei dared not disobey the teacher. 10. How did you dare play truant? 11. He longed to know more about her, yet he did not dare ask her anything.

Ex 478. Translate into English

1. He трогай кошку, она может оцарапать тебя. 2. Со­бака может быть очень приятной компанией во время долгих загородных прогулок. 3. Не могу удержаться, чтобы не сказать тебе, что ты не должен приходить, когда тебе вздумается. 4. Ситуацию можно было спас­ти одним единственным словом, и это все еще можно сделать. 5. — Твоя фотокамера, должно быть, очень до­рогая. — Понятия не имею, сколько она может стоить. Это подарок. 6. Ни к чему тебе брать с собой все эти 275

пакеты. Ты можешь оставить их в машине. 7. — Не нужно было вам ехать туда поездом. Мы могли отвез­ти вас на машине. — Мы не осмелились обратиться к вам. 8. Нам не пришлось лететь туда самолетом, они отвезли нас на машине. 9. Он, должно быть, изучает физику, как и его отец. 10. — Бабушке может не по­нравиться такой подарок. — Ну, с ней ты не можешь быть полностью уверен. — Как ты осмеливаешься так говорить о ней! 11. Джон не мог потерять новые часы, он, вероятно, куда-то их переложил. 12. Она поняла, что и ей суждено было испытать всю горечь предательства. 13. — Возражение следует высказать сейчас же. — Я не осмеливаюсь сделать это. 14. Ты мог бы справиться с этим еще тогда. Осмелишься ли ты рискнуть сейчас? 15. Он, бывало, навещал их время от времени, но упор­но не хотел писать писем. 16. Тебе лучше не носить ей больше шоколад, пока она лежит в больнице. 17. По­жалуй, я сегодня надену что-нибудь яркое. У меня деп­рессия. 18. Она никогда не осмеливается возражать своему боссу.

Had Better, Would Rather

Ex. 479.Read and translate the following sentences

I. I'd rather go for a walk in the rain than do nothing at all. 2. You'd better not say what makes you think so. 3. I'd rather be told the truth. 4. You'd rather not lie to me. 5. You had better do some revision work. 6. It would be better not to interfere. 7. I'd rather wear a sweater than a jacket. 8. I'd rather you didn't smoke in here. 9. We'd prefer you not to smoke, if you don't mind. 10. We'd rather you didn't say anything about it. II. You'd better get out your calculator and tot it up.

Ex. 480.Give advice according to the model

Model: I've lost my passport. — You'd better get a new one. I'm feeling very tired. — I'd rather go to bed.

1. I've got an awful toothache. 2. Your record-player is too loud. 3. It's too hot in here, too stuffy. 4. I'm putting on too much weight. 5. Please, don't speak about it! 6.1 received the bill over a month ago. 7. She wants a job in Spain but she can't speak Spanish. 8. Please don't interrupt me when I'm speaking to you. 9. They should book early if they want tickets for the concert. 10. My parents enjoy their jobs and don't want to retire. 11.1 don't want an orange, can I have an apple, please? 12. My brother prefers to live in an apartment than in a house. 13. It's freezing, I think I'll put on a coat and a cap. 14. Will you have a cup of coffee or a cup of tea right now? 15. You shouldn't spread that news! It's top secret.

Ex 481. Add correct question tags to the following statements

1. All the family took to him at once, ... ? 2. Don't interrupt and read your magazine, ... ? 3. There is no way to solve this problem, ... ? 4. Nothing nasty happened, ... ? 5. He delights in teasing her, ... ? 6. Just try to remake her herself, ... ? 7. They are on Christian terms, ... ? 8. You're coming, ... ? 9. He doesn't like jazz, ... ? 10. You won't tell anyone, ... ? 11. She didn't mean that, ... ? 12. Maxim hadn't been to a casino before,... ? 13. You've got some time to spare, ... ? 14. Shut the door, ... ? 15. Don't be late, ... ? 16. I'm right, ... ? 17. Nobody called me, ... ? 18. Everyone was very excited, ... ? 19.1 don't imagine he will turn into an ideal husband overnight, ... ? 20. She seems a bit nervy and unable to get out of her old habits, ... ? 21. But let us look on the optimistic side of things, ... ?

Ex. 482. Add correct question tags to the following statements with modal verbs

1. My parents must have guessed something, ... ? 2. They had to ask for your permission first, ... ? 3. You'd rather keep it a secret,... ? 4. She'd better end with him once and for all,... ? 5. Weddings in the old days used to be more showy,... ? 6. They might get along well,... ? 7. You should be in bed by now, ... ? 8. You can't speak Swahili, ... ? 9. You'd better answer the telephone, ... ? 10. You could always borrow the money, ... ? 11. Nothing could be better,... ? 12. It was to happen,... ? 13. You'd rather be staying at home,... ? 14. You shouldn't have made such a fuss, ... ? 15. My boss needs a new car, ... ? 16. We need to go at once, ... ? 17. England needed a strong king in that particular period, ... ? 18.1 may call you by your first name, ... ? 19. You shouldn't be able to help me out, ... ? 20. She used to read a story to her son before bedtime,... ?

Ex. 483.Read the texts, translate them and comment on the meanings of the modal verbs in bold type

I. The next morning everybody was waiting for Charlie to start opening his present. Charlie looked down at the bar of chocolate lovingly. How he wished there could be a Golden Ticket inside it! Then his mother said gently, "You mustn'tbe too disappointed, if you don't find what you're looking for, my dear. You really can'texpect to be as lucky as all that." But the grown-ups knew that however small the chance mightbe of striking lucky, the chance was there. The chance hadto be there. Very slowly Charlie's fingers began to tear the wrapper, but when he did it there was no sign of a Golden Ticket.

II. "Did you love my Chocolate Factory, Charlie?" Mr. Wonka asked the boy. "Oh, yes, it's the most wonderful place in the world. I couldn'tbelieve my eyes when I saw it. Can it be really yours? It musthave been a dream!". "I am very pleased to hear you say that", said Mr. Wonka, looking more serious than ever. "I have decided to make you a present of the factory. I have no children of my own, no family at all. Someone hasto keep it going, I don't want a grown-up person at all. He wouldn'tlisten to me, he wouldn'tlearn. So I haveto have a child, I want a good sensible boy, one whom I can tell all my most precious sweet-making secrets — while I am still alive. We mustgo at once and fetch the rest of your family. They canall live in the factory from now on! They canall help to run it until you are old enough to do it by yourself!"

III.Matilda knew she hadto tell somebody about what had happened with the glass. She couldn'tpossibly keep the gigantic secret like that bottled up inside her. What she neededwas just one person, wise and sympathetic, who couldhelp her to understand the meaning of this extraordinary happening. She knew her parents almost certainly wouldfail to realize what an astonishing event had taken place that afternoon. So, the one person she wouldlike to confide in was Miss Honey. Matilda said, "Please may I talk to you for a moment?" "Of course you may. What's troubling you?" "I made the glass tip over, and I did it with my eyes." Miss Honey did not think Matilda was meaning to tell a lie. "Couldyou do it again?" she asked, not unkindly. "I don't know," Matilda said, "but I think I might be ableto." Miss Honey moved the now empty glass to the middle of the table. "ShouldI put water in it?" she asked, smiling a little. "I don't think it matters, but it may take some time." "Take all the time you want, I'm in no hurry." Miss Honey replied, smiling a little. "I haveto stare at it very, very hard, and then I can feel it happening behind my eyes," the little girl explained.

(after R. Dahl)

Test Your Knowledge

Ex. 484. Use the given hints to make dialogues with your partner

How Honest Are You?

1. You really need something but you haven't got enough money. Would you ever do any shoplifting? 2. Would you ever tell lies about yourself to impress other people? 3. There is some fine stationery in the place where you work. Is it all right to take some? Would you ever do so?

4, You are going to sell your car. Someone offers you a good price, and you agree to sell the car. Before you sign the necessary papers, someone else offers you a much higher price. Would you stay with the first buyer or sell to the second? 5. Would you hide some of your earnings from the tax inspector? 6. In an American school it's quite a normal situation when a pupil tells the teacher about his classmate cheating during the test. Would you think it normal? 7. You are staying in a hotel, and you see that they have very nice towels. Would you take any home with you? 8. You find a wallet containing a big sum of money and a ticket for a flight to Geneva with the person's name and address. What would your actions be? 9. What do you think about travelling without a ticket on public transport? Would you ever do so? 10. You have just had an expensive meal in a restaurant. When you check the bill, you see that the waiter has forgotten to charge you for the drinks. Would you tell him or keep quiet? 11. You find out, by chance, that your sister is adopted but she doesn't know. Should you tell her? 12. You find out that your sister's husband is having an affair. Should you tell her?

Ex. 485.Combine the following sentences making them unreal. Start with If.

1.1. It was a rush hour. 2. Something happened. 3. He turned up late. 4. His girlfriend was furious. 5. They had a row. 6. He made her cry. 7. He felt guilty. 8. He apologized. 9. She forgave him. 10. They are happy now.

II. 1.1 won a pretty sum of money. 2.1 bought a big car. 3.1 drove too fast. 4. There was an accident. 5. The ambulance took me to hospital. 6.1 fell in love with a nurse. 7. We got married. 8. We were happy at the beginning. 9. But then I met somebody else. 10. And we parted forever.

Ex. 486.Complete the sentences

1. If he becomes Prime Minister, .... If he became Prime Minister, .... 2. If it rains tomorrow, .... If it rained tomorrow, .... 3. If she learns to speak Spanish, .... If she learnt to speak Spanish, ... . 4. If wars stop, ... . If wars stopped, ... . 5. If he succeeds in life, ... . If he succeeded in life, .... 6. If they support the child, .... If they supported the child, .... 7. If I buy a cottage in the wood, .... If I bought a cottage in the wood, .... 8. If Annie marries Stephen, ... . If Annie married Stephen, .... 9. If Nicholas studies harder, ... . If Nicholas studied harder, ... . 10. If Simon goes to University, ... . If Simon went to University, ....

Ex, 487. Comment on the meanings of the modal verbs in bold type.

1. My mother said I never shouldplay with the Gypsies in the wood. If I did so, she wouldsay, "Naughty Girl, if you disobey your hair won'tcurl, your shoes won't shine. Naughty Girl, you won't be mine." 2. Supposing she hadto return home to Mother without Jack. She couldn't. She wouldn't,she vowed to herself. She wouldstay in this country and search until the Black Leaf was found, even if she hadto wait for years ... and here her tears began to flow again. 3. "You'll haveto be very cautious,missie, if you go back to the wood," said Farmer Rose. "It wouldn'tdo for you to get caught, too." "But I mustn'tbe afraid of anything now." 4. "Let's stop! It wouldn'tdo for us to run on him like this. It mightlook as if we were — oh, well, it wouldlook funny, you know." 5. You musttry to get a good rest tonight, and then you canstart off fresh in the morning — and you mustn'tcry anymore or you'll make yourself ill. 6. What oughtshe to do, she wondered. Shouldshe open the envelope? What was she to do with it? 7.1 don't feel I darego out again. I willwait here. I can trust no one. 8. He, who spends more that he should, shall not haveto spare when he would. 9. You can'tmake me let him do what he ought notto do. 10. — You needn'texplain, Fred. — But I want to. I haveto. We mustimprove the situation. 11. "I musthave this mink coat! I can'tbear somebody else wearing it," she said to her husband. "Very well, my dear, you shallhave the coat!" 12. The past can'tbe helped! It's the future we canhelp, and it's the future we shouldgive our thought to. 13.1 daresay, I can'tmake him change the way he dresses. He needsa new style, he really does. 14. Little birds that cansing and won'tsing mustbe made to sing.

Ex. 488. Fill in the spaces with should (have), would (have)

1. I'll remind you of the rules frequently lest you... (forget) them. 2. You ... (pay) more attention to the subject, when you had the opportunity. Then this ... not (happen). 3. If you had not been there to help me, I do not know what I... (do). 4.1... (come) to your party, had your invitation reached me sooner. 5. ... you (be) so kind as to tell me the way to the gardens? 6. He ... (benefit) his native town greatly, if the authorities had not opposed his plans so bitterly. 7. If I were to find myself homeless, I do not know where I... (go). 8. What... (be) the use of schools and teachers, if the scholars were not willing to learn? 9.1 hoped that you... (help) me in that serious matter. 10. Those who are not without faults themselves, ... (avoid) blaming others. 11.1 pointed out to him that some people I knew were so obstinate that they... (not listen) to any reasons. 12. He was not deaf, but he was so obstinate that he ... (not follow) my advice. 13. He ... (listen), however, if you had approached him tactfully. 14. He was so disguised that I... never (know) him, but for his beard. 15. What do you think we ... (do) in the circumstances in which we have found ourselves?

Ex 489.Insert the verbs can, could, may, might, should, would

1. ... you be prosperous and happy! 2.1 trust that your fears ... not be realized. 3. In my perplexity I appealed to my guide to know what I... do. 4. A good general makes every preparation against defeat, ... such a contingency arise. 5. It makes my blood boil to think that such cruelties ... go on around us. 6. ... such circumstances arise, I shall take steps to deal with them. 7. Whatever ... have happened, the result is the same. 8. Who can say what... have happened, had not the accident been averted? 9. Some of these rocks ... perhaps have been deposited by passing icebergs. 10. He was so indifferent to public opinion that he did not care what the papers ... say. 11.1... support your enterprise, but I am not yet convinced that it deserves it. 12. With a little encouragement, he ... do wonders. 13.1 am not likely to be moved by anything you ... say; I judge by results. 14. Let him show what he has done; then we ... perhaps believe his words. 15. We hope that Your Majesty ... long rule over us, and that your reign ... be as glorious as those of your predecessors.

Ex 490. Translate into English

1. Она гладила белье и время от времени выглядыва­ла в окно. 2. Они, возможно, были слишком строги к своему сыну. 3. Иногда он просто невыносим, все рав­но будет все делать по-своему. 4. Напрасно ты убира­ла квартиру, уборщица придет завтра. 5. Ей не при­шлось убирать квартиру. Дети уже сделали это. 6. Не нужно быть гением, чтобы понять это. 7. Я люблю тебя гораздо больше, чем мне следовало бы. 8. — Тебе в самом деле нужен компьютер? — Я не могу обойтись без него. 9. С какой стати мне впускать тебя в мою жизнь? 10. Он никак не хотел поверить в мою печаль­ную историю. 11. Пора тебе относиться к жизни се­рьезнее! 12. Тебе следовало видеть, как Дейвид гото­вил обед! Ты очень много потеряла! 13. — Нельзя по­лагаться на случай. Нужно что-то делать. 14. Учти, ты ответишь за это! Тебе придется сознаться во всем. 15. Не может быть, чтобы ты отказался от этой рабо­ты. Тебе следовало посоветоваться со мной.

Ex. 491. Read the text and comment on the forms in bold type Retell the text in indirect speech

The Secret Diary of Margaret Roberts Aged 14^1/4

Everybody is being perfectly horrid to me at school. I've been to the headmistress to complain, but even she was unsympathetic. She said, "You're overworking, Roberts. I wish you were less enthusiastic and took a few days off." I protested that the school couldn't function without me. The head snapped, "Go home, Roberts, and give this note to your parents."

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Roberts,

Margaret's behavior has been giving me great cause for concern. At all times she is neat, clean and controlled. She works hard. She is top of every subject. She is highly competitive on the sports field, is an excellent needlewoman and always wears highly polished shoes. Indeed she is the type of girl one ought to be proud of; I wish some girls were like her in these respects. But Margaret is wearing out my staff with her constant requests for more work. She is always ink, milk and register monitor. Class, sports and house captain. She works in the greenhouse during her playtimes, this morning I came into school early and found her mopping out the lavatories. All very well, you may think, but her mania for work is making her very unpopular with the other girls. Can there be any problems at home? Can she be compensating for some lack of affection or attention on your part? Maybe, I shouldn't have worried you with all this but she must learn to tolerate these of us who are rather more fallible. Headmistress Kesteven, Grantham Girls School.

Father's hand trembled as he put down the note. He said "Geniuses are never recognized in their own land."

(after S. Townsend)

Ex. 492.Translate into English

1. — Случись так, что тебе будут нужны деньги, обра­тись к управляющему. — Хотелось бы, чтобы мне не пришлось этого делать. 2. — Получи он тогда наслед­ство, он не жил бы все эти годы в такой нищете. — Да, никогда не знаешь, что может случиться в жиз­ни. 3. Давно пора вам выучить географию! Если бы я отвечал на уроке вчера, то я бы не сказал, что Мисси­сипи находится в Африке. 4. — Странно, что у него нет никаких сомнений по поводу своих способнос­тей. — Да, хотел бы я тоже быть таким уверенным в себе! 5. — Случись так, что ты передумаешь, дай нам знать, мы хотели бы знать о твоем окончательном решении. — Обязательно сообщу. 6. — Если бы поли­ция не прибыла в самый последний момент, то граби­тели сбежали бы. 7. Присмотри за ним, и случись, что он опять будет драться с младшим братом, дай мне знать. Он будет наказан. 8. О, хорошо бы вы ушли! Если бы я знала, что вы корреспонденты газеты, то ни за что не впустила бы вас. 9. Мама была бы ужасно рада, если бы вы сумели найти немного времени для нее. 10. Думаю, что мне следовало рассказать родите­лям о проблемах в школе, но не хотелось их беспоко­ить. Что будет, то и будет! 11. — Симпатичный моло­дой человек приходил повидать вас. — О, это, должно быть, мой двоюродный брат Андрей. Неужели случи­лось что-то неожиданное? — Да, но он мог бы и позво­нить. 12. Она учит этот этюд, должно быть, уже це­лый месяц. Я просто слышать его не могу! Она, долж­но быть, неспособна к музыке. 13. Я была очень удивлена тем, что Юля уже ушла. Она должна была напечатать весь текст, но оказалось, что она сделала только половину работы. Должно быть, она плохо себя чувствовала.

TНЕ NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

The Infinitive

Ex 493. Comment on the forms of the Infinitives.

1. When I go on holiday, I ask Mum to look after my houseplants. 2. In the morning Mr. Dulton was nowhere to be seen. 3. He seemed to be reading my mind. 4. You have your own life to consider. 5. The agent must have misunderstood the chief. 6. He was witty and clever and he made me laugh. 7. But what kind of rules might be required? 8. They seem to have been fighting all their lives. 9. The manuscript appears to have been written in Greek. 10. This is a date still to be agreed. 11. Brian can still be watching the western. 12. They believed the soldier to have taken unofficial leave. 13. Don't you understand that all the personal sentiments ought to have been put aside? 14. At times, lightning decisions had to be made. 15. It was vital for her presence to be felt in New York from time to time.

Ex. 494.Give all the possible forms of the following Infinitives

To do, to study, to live, to sit, to lie, to raise, to set, to sell, to leave, to go, to inform, to like, to write, to run, to make.

Ex. 495.Comment on the cases of the Split Infinitive Translate the sentences into Russian

1.1 think the time has come for you to totally decide your future. 2. In 1992 Maxim decided to legally change his name. 3. Then Dad yelled at everybody to just shut up. 4. That was too horrible to even think about. 5.1 want to tenderly hold you, my dear child! 6. She fell into a chair, clapped one hand over her mouth once more, to again stifle the scream of pain and outrage rising in her throat. 7. When you are in Italy, remember to always add the area code to the number you want to call. 8. Obviously she'd said what he wanted to hear; it appeared to both excite and relax him. 9. When you travel by the train, don't push and shove with might and main! Let those who wish to first alight, then pass on quickly left and right. 10. The detectives needed special equipment to thoroughly and accurately investigate the mystery. 11. Jack was the first person to ever show me any affection in my life. 12. The mayors met in order to fully explore and discuss the problems of managing large cities. 13. Most companies will have to severely limit their dumping of pollutants. 14. They say they would like to eventually expand the business. 15. My advice to you is to initially receive a thorough examination a good therapist. 16. To fully appreciate the splendour of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel, you need to visit the Vatican.

Ex 496. Use to before the Infinitives where possible

1. We did everything we could ... make him ... join us. 2. You can't... make me ... do what I don't want .... 3. Are you sure you can ... afford ... waste another year? 4. You need ... take more care of yourself. 5. It would be very foolish ... let the child ... have his way. 6. Let the next student... come in now. 7. We'd rather ... take a train than ... fly. 8. Why not... go with us? Let's ... have fun! 9. You'd better ... stay in bed not... make your cold ... get worse. 10.1 need a car ... get to my country-house. 11. We heard the postman ... come up to the front door and then we saw him ... sli p a thick envelope into the box. 12. He can't but... admire her beauty and talent. 13. You ought... have told me all this before. 14. We got them ... rebuild the house. 15. He was seen ... enter the house through the back door. 16. — What made you ... terrorize me? — I was made ... do it. 17. Will you be able ... let your son ... decide his future?

Ex. 497. Answer the questions

1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it? 2. What can't students afford to do? 3. If someone works hard, why does he do it? 4. What do students aim to do? 5. What is a quick-tempered person inclined to do? 6. What are troublemakers apt to do? 7. If workers are dissatisfied, what can they threaten to do? 8. What do absent-minded people tend to do? 9. What do you have to get ready to do on a Monday morning? 10. What do stubborn people refuse to do? 11. What are generous people willing to do? 12. When the man proposes, what does a woman agree to do? 13. When two people get engaged, what have they resolved to do? 14. When people get married, what do they promise to do? 15. What are you planning to do in future?

Ex. 498.Complete the sentences by using suitable Infinitives.

1.1 learned ... when I was around six or seven. 2. We've decided... a new washing-machine. 3. Hugh promised not... late for his own wedding. 4. My boyfriend and I would love ... Venice. 5. You seem ... in a good mood tonight. 6. Felicia appeared ... asleep, but she wasn't. 7. The Martins can't afford ... a house. 8. Try ... to class on time every day. 9.1 can't wait... my family again! It's been a long time. 10. She is very sorry. She didn't mean ... you. 11. My friend offered ... me a little money. 12. Erik is only five, but he intends ... a doctor when he grows up. 13. What time do you expect... the Hague? 14.1 forgot... some cheese when I went to the grocery store. 15. They are planning ... to the Canaries after they get married.

Ex. 499.Read and translate the sentences Pay attention to the Split Infinitives.

1. At the time, it seemed wiser for me to simply disappear, quickly and quietly. 2.1 placed the tray in the middle of the kitchen table and began to methodically chop an egg. 3. She wondered how to effectively explain this to the kids without resorting to a pack of lies. 4. The offer came from out of the blue and she did not want to even discuss it. 5. It was hard to truly estimate how rich she was. 6. Henry had known Emma for almost forty years, long enough to fully understand her. 7. They had come to bitterly accept the fact. 8. Nelly paused, uncertain of how to correctly explain her behaviour. 9. The boy licked the pencil and began to carefully print Mrs. Daniel's address. 10. He did not appear to physically favour either of his parents. 11. She had never ceased to secretly worship her elder brother. 12. Melanie began to selectively tick off the goods, she could readily dispose of in her store. 13. She had to hear it from Julia's own mouth to truly believe it. 14. Something of his good humour seemed to mysteriously transfer itself to everybody in the room. 15. She had to occasionally neglect on some of her chores to make time for reading.

Ex 500. Use the verbs in brackets in the required form

1.1 like (give) presents to friends, but even more I like (give) gifts. 2. She is so lucky (have) such a good family, (see) all love and care since childhood. 3. The dictionary seems (belong) to my great-grandfather. It appears (publish) ages ago. 4. The young man seemed (study) Marion, and she gave him a cold stare. 5. The key to the grandfather clock was believed (lose) some twenty years before. 6. One more window remained (wash). 7. The child is so pale! She ought (have) a change of food and air. 8. Well, sir, I want (take) my words back. I'm sorry (call) you names. 9. The case was urgent. The man had (operate on). 10. He was sorry (not notice) the fax on the secretary's table. 11. But what kind of rules might (require)? 12. The rules (leave) to the Government to decide. 13. Everybody is going (give) a rise. 14. Parent­hood, someone once said, is the only 24-hour-a-day job for which you (not pay) overtime. 15. The country is considered (make) enormous progress this year. 16. English people don't like (tell) what to do.

Ex.501. Translate into English

1.счастлива пригласить вас на вечер. 2. Я счастли­ва, что меня часто приглашают на премьеры. 3. Я сча­стлива, что меня пригласили на новый спектакль в "Сатирикон". 4. Хочу рассказать вам последние но­вости. 5. Хочу, чтобы мне рассказали эту историю. 6. Я рада, что мне рассказали об этом. 7. Роберт не собира­ется обвинять вас. 8. Он не предполагал, что его обви­нят. 9. Мне жаль, что я причиняю вам столько хло­пот. 10. Мне жаль, что побеспокоила вас. 11. Дети любят выдумывать разные истории. 12. Дети обожа­ют, когда им рассказывают страшные истории. 13. Он, кажется, знает всех в городе. 14. Тед, кажется, читает что-то смешное. Он все время улыбается. 15. Он, ка жется, выполняет эту работу уже много лет.

Ex. 502.Comment on the form and function of the Infinitives Translate the sentences into Russian

1. To read books means to enlarge one's horizons. 2. He read a lot to broaden his mind. 3. To part from friends is to die a little. 4. To win friends and influence people, one must employ guile and fraud, some politicians believe. 5. A friend is someone special to laugh with, to reminisce with, to dream with, to shape with, to bitch with ... 6. He had no idea whom he was to meet. 7. What he really wanted was to be alone, entirely alone. 8. She could not afford to panic, not under any circumstances. 9. — You always make me feel better. — Do I? 10. She didn't love Willy enough to marry him. 11. Gradually, she came to understand how wrong she had been. 12. To begin my story I must go back in time, to 1990. 13. He was far too bright a boy to be deceived. He would probe and probe. 14. To tell the truth, a cigar gives me a chance to relax and to meditate. 15. Maxim flew to New York only to discover that his daughter was on the Coast. 16. She began to realize that her husband was a difficult man, not easy to know, or live with, and secretive. 17. In Greece people often shake their heads from side to side to say "Yes". With us it means "No". 18. They need nobody to protect them. 19. To recover completely, he must begin to work, but it mustn't be hard work. 20. It makes everybody so happy to see you again! 21. It takes a long time to become a personality. 22. It gives me great comfort to think of you.

Ex. 503. A. Read and translate the sentences Define the function of the Infinitives

1. To make the world better has always been his aim 2. To lie or not to lie — that's the dilemma. 3. It's unusual to see you at home in the middle of the day. 4. To go out alone in the middle of the night is risky. 5. To fulfil all your wishes is all I want. 6. It is awful to be so stubborn.

7. It's unwise to refuse.