Can the Study of Politics Be Scientific? 4 страница
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why we build common markets and joint institutions such as the United Nations. Together, we are stronger.
Some people say the international community is only a fiction. Others say it is a too elastic concept to have any real meaning. Some say there are no internationally recognized norms, goals or fears on which to base such a community. I believe these skeptics are wrong. The international community does exist.
When governments, urged along by civil society, come together to adopt a statute for the creation of an International Criminal Court, that is the international community at work for the rule of law. When we see an international aid to the victims of earthquakes in Turkey and Greece, that is the international community following its humanitarian impulse. When people come together to press governments to relieve the world's poorest countries from crushing debt burdens, that is the international community throwing its weight behind the cause of development.
There are many more examples of the international community at work. But too often the international community fails to do what is needed. It failed to prevent the genocide in Rwanda. For too long it reacted with weakness and hesitation to the horror of «ethic cleansing» in the former Yugoslavia.
The international system for much of our century has been based on division and hard calculations of real politics. In the new century, we can and must do better. I do not mean to suggest that an era of complete harmony is within our reach. Or course, interests and ideas will always clash. But we can improve on this century's dismal record. The international community is a «work in progress.» Many strands of cooperation have asserted themselves over the years. We must stitch them into a strong fabric of community — of international community for an
international era.
(from «NEWSWEEK», 2001)
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II. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING WORD-COMBINA
TIONS:
A shared vision; organized crime; proliferation of deadly weapons; to bring choices and opportunities; to be faced pith; to safeguard global interests; in the broadest sense; sense of common vulnerability; in the face of; spread of weapons of mass destruction; to adopt a statute; a humani-
arian impulse; to relieve from debts; weakness and hesi-tation; complete harmony.
III. MAKE UP YOUR OWN SENTENCES WITH THE
ABOVE WORD-COMBINATIONS OR REPRODUCE SITU
ATIONS FROM THE TEXT.
IV. COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. USE
ГНЕ WORD-COMBINATIONS OF EXERCISE II.
1. Human beings are faced with ....
2. People are influenced by ... .
3. They experience ... in the face of ... .
V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. No country exists in isolation, does it?
2. How would you prove that?
3. What problems are considered to be «problems with
out passports»?
4. What is the globalization process like today?
5. What positive aspects of globalization are we faced
with now?
6. Are we faced with any risks at the same time?
7. What is meant by international community?
8. What makes a community?
9. What makes people unite?
10. What do skeptics say concerning international com
munity?
11. Whose viewpoint do you share? _
12. Could you give examples of international communities?
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13. Are the activities of these communities always suc
cessful?
14. Is the importance of such cooperation increasing or
decreasing?
VI. THERE ARE SOME GLOBAL PROBLEMS IN THE WORLD. THEY ARE:
1. pollution;
2. organized crime;
3. proliferation of deadly weapons;
4. military conflicts;
5. poverty and injustice;
6. global warming;
7. genocide;
8. terrorism.
Say which of these problems you think to be of primary importance, of secondary importance and so on. Rearrange the order of problems mentioned in accordance with your point of view.
VII. COULD YOU EXPLAIN THE ESSENCE OF:
a) the term globalization;
b) community;
c) genocide;
d) international community?
VIII. AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING
STATEMENTS:
1. We are influenced by the same tides of political, so
cial and technological change.
2. Globalization is governed by rules.
3. Globalization is governed by no rules.
4. Human beings are faced with disruptive problems.
5. It is possible to safeguard our global needs.
6. It is high time to bind together.
7. There is a sense of common vulnerability in the world
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8. International laws and treaties are necessary for peace
ful life.
9. 
International communities follow humanitarian im
pulses.
10. Interests and ideas will always clash. Nothing could
be done.
11. By joint efforts we can improve the situation and
enter the era of complete harmony.
IX. REVIEW THE ARTICLE.
X. CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW WITH THE AUTHOR
OF THE ARTICLE.
XL ORGANIZE A ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION DEVOTED TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEMS:
1. Globalization and its development.
2. Organized crime and its consequences.
3. Pollution and environmental protection.
XII. READ THE ARTICLE AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. What does Human Rights Day signify?
2. How is this holiday celebrated in the USA?
3. When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
adopted?
4. What is the significance of accepting the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
HUMAN RIGHTS DAY
December 10 is observed as Human Rights Day by most member countries of the United Nations. The celebrations mark the anniversary of the unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
In the United States, the observance is known as Human Rights Week and extends from December 10 through
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17 in order to include another important rights anniversary — December 15, the date on which the Bill of Rights became part of the US Constitution in 1791. Widely observed, Human Rights Week is customarily bracketed by presidential proclamations designating December 10 as Human Rights Day and December 15 as Bill of Rights Day. The purpose of all the observances is to foster understanding of the meaning of these landmark documents of human dignity in specific terms. Rights and freedoms are stressed in press and broadcasting media during Human Rights Week, and pertinent displays are seen in schools, libraries, and elsewhere. Often the exhibits are highlighted by full-text displays of the Universal Declaration and the Bill of Rights.
The story of how the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights came into being is not generally known. When the charter for establishment of the United Nations was drawn up at San Francisco in 1945, it contained repeated references to the «human rights and fundamental freedoms» that it sought to support, and it called upon member nations to promote and encourage such rights in cooperation with the world body. However, since the document nowhere spelled out exactly what these rights and freedoms were, it became necessary to frame such a definition before nations could be expected to promote and encourage them in any very specific way.
The UN Commission on Human Rights was therefore called upon to prepare a statement of principles that could serve as a universal standard. As set forth in 30 articles, the enunciated principles became known as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Two of the document's chief authors were Charles Malik, Lebanon's representative to the UN; and Eleanor Roosevelt, US delegate to the UN, who was the first to chair the Commission on Human Rights. Only Saudi Arabia, the Union of South Africa, and six Soviet bloc nations abstained from the vote that resulted in unanimous adoption of the Universal Declaration of Hu-
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man Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.
In addition to drafting the declaration, the Commission on Human Rights was charged with the task of preparing treaties — the Covenants on Human Rights, as they are known — by which member nations could undertake as a binding legal obligation the enforcement of the provisions of the Universal Declaration.
Ratification of the two implementing covenants — one [ on the economic, social, and cultural rights — by the whole, huge roster of UN member nations has been slow; even today, the process is far from being complete. That fact notwithstanding, the unanimously accepted Universal Declaration of Human Rights remains a towering achievement as a statement of ideals and declaration of purpose — one that not only recognizes civil and political rights that had been set forth earlier in democratic constitutions, but also sets forth and defines as rights a number of economic, social, and cultural requirements. As such, it is one of the landmark documents of human dignity, and of the worth, equality, and rights of individuals.
XIII. REVIEW THE ARTICLE. USE THE FOLLOWING
WORD-COMBINATIONS:
Unanimous adoption; documents of human dignity; human rights and fundamental freedoms; to promote and encourage rights; to be charged with the task; as a legal obligation; to remain a towering achievement; a statement of ideals; to recognize civil and political rights.
XIV. READ THE TEXT AND CHARACTERIZE
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AS A POLITICAL ACTIVIST:
ELEANOR ROOSEVELT: «Her Glow Warmed the World»
Eleanor Roosevelt was America's First Lady during the long presidency of her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-
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1945. Like no other President's wife before or since, she maintained an active career in public life; and she inspired both praise and criticism for her role championing social and political reform. Working within her role as wife, Eleanor Roosevelt carried her belief in personal service to the frontline of American government and the world at large. Upon her death Adlai Stevenson said of her, «Her glow warmed the world.»
Though Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nationally and internationally in the years that followed her husband's death, she is remembered primarily as an active, effective team member of the Roosevelt administration. Describing her political relationship with her husband, she once said that he had been «the politician,» but she had been «the agitator,» the activist behind the scenes, urging him to take positions on controversial matters.
The eyes and ears for a husband confined to wheelchair because of polio, Eleanor traveled widely, meeting people from all walks of life, learning of the problems of the underprivileged, and working to see that something would be done for them. She changed the White House from being merely the president's mansion into a rallying place for young people, women, farmers, laborers, and blacks.
Born in New York City, October 11,1884, Eleanor Roosevelt had a lonely and unhappy childhood. Though her family was socially prominent — her uncle Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th president of the United States (1901-1909) — she personally felt unacceptable and inadequate as a young child. An awkward and plain-looking girl, Eleanor once said that she was the «ugly duckling» in a family of beautiful people.
Eleanor's mother died when Eleanor was eight years old, and she was sent to live with her maternal grandmother. Her father died at the sanitarium just a year later, leaving Eleanor alone and feeling entirely unloved.
Her grandmother's home was a place of rules and regulations. She was cared for by nurses and received private
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tutoring. Then at the age of 15, she was sent to England for further education.
When Eleanor returned to New York three years later, she taught for a short time in a settlement house. She also joined the Consumers League, a voluntary association dedicated to improving the working conditions of women and children employed in factories.
In 1903 Eleanor met Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a distant cousin, who was then studying at Harvard University. He was able to see beneath Eleanor's awkwardness and embarrassment and to recognize a sincerity and strength of character which most young women of her class lacked. Eleanor and Franklin married in 1905.
After receiving his law degree, Franklin chose to enter politics. In 1910 he was elected as a state senator for New York, and Eleanor and the family traveled with him to Albany where she became active in consumer affairs and various welfare and charitable programs. As life-mate, Eleanor supported Franklin as he rose within the Democratic Party, moving the family to Washington when Franklin was appointed assistant secretary to the navy on the eve of World War I.
When World War ended, Eleanor was active in relief service and became an outspoken critic of social wrongs she observed. When she traveled with Franklin to Europe for the Paris Peace talks in 1919, she was inspired by the hopes which many had for a lasting peace through the establishment of a world organization dedicated to improving the conditions of life everywhere.
In 1921, while vacationing at Campobello, Franklin was stricken with polio. Eleanor provided the help and inspiration which he needed to return to public life despite a paralysis which totally immobilized his legs.
When Franklin was elected president in 1932, Eleanor became a personal link between the Roosevelt administration and the people. Traveling more than 40,000 miles
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around the country in 1933, Eleanor Roosevelt had direct contact with people whose lives had been torn by the Great Depression. She provided a channel for the complaints which these people expressed; and she was able to see something would be done about correcting the situation.
Feeling less bound by political considerations than the President, and driven by her personal concept of duty, Eleanor became a symbol of reform. She worked to improve the status of the American black in cooperation with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. When her activities brought forth criticism from some segments of society, Eleanor began writing a syndicated newspaper column, «My Day,» in which she discussed what she had seen and heard in the course of her active day's program. In an effort to get the newspapers and wire services to employ more women, she instituted press conferences open to women reporters only. Though thoroughly aligned with the Democratic Party, Eleanor saw herself primarily as a private citizen working toward educating the public for social reform.
Following Franklin's death in 1945, Eleanor was appointed as US delegate to the United Nations. She chaired the Commission of Human Rights and helped to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Her effectiveness was in her ability to deal with people. She was able to reduce quarrels of doctrine to human differences which could be discussed on a personal level. She wrote:
«We must be able to disagree with people and to consider new ideas and not to be afraid. We must preserve our right to think and to differ.»
Eleanor clearly exercised her right to think and to differ when administration changed in 1952 and the Republican Party took over the leadership of the national government. As a member of the loyal opposition, she continued to speak out on issues that concerned her.
Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death on November 7, 1962. Her years alone were active productive
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pears. Not only in the United States, but in the countries round the world, she was a symbol for hope, compassion, and courage. Wife, mother, world figure, Eleanor Roosevelt was motivated by a trust in humanity and a faith in the value of one's own contributions. Her life embodied her words: «You have to accept whatever comes, and the only imartant thing is that you meet it with courage and with the best that you have to give.»
XV. FIND IN THE TEXT THE FACTS TO PROVE THAT:
1. Eleanor Roosevelt distinguished herself nationally and
internationally.
2. She is an active member of the president's adminis
tration.
3. Eleanor was an outspoken critic of social wrongs.
4. She was a symbol of reform.
5. She took part in drafting the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights.
6. Eleanor Roosevelt remained active until her death.
XVI. SPEAK ON ELEANOR ROOSEVELT'S LIFE-STORY.
XVII. ASK YOUR FRIEND:
— if he has read anything about E. Roosevelt before;
— why she is respected and honoured throughout the
world;
— what features of character permitted Eleanor to
become a political activist;
— if she was happy in her personal life;
— if it is difficult to be a president's wife;
— what especially astonishes him in her biography;
— what were the basic motives for her ardent activity;
— if she lived a difficult or happy life;
— what he thinks why she had no enemies in her life;
— whether Eleanor's life is a model for copying;
— if she led her life in the way anybody could envy.
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TEXT II
I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE ARTICLE: FROM DIATRIBE TO DIALOGUE (by Claude Smadja)
Is globalization irreversible? Yes, it is. No one, of course, would deny that it has touched off a backlash — huge and sometimes violent protests at international economic meetings, stalling of the talks on a new trade round. Some pessimists look at these events and draw a parallel to the history of the world between the two world wars. In the 1920s, as today, progress in communications and transport led many to believe that an irreversible process of international cooperation had begun. Then those hopes were dashed by a surge of protectionism and an explosion of nationalism and hatred.
This kind of comparison overlooks one crucial point. The process of globalization has gone much farther today than it had 75 years ago. The breadth of the revolution in information technology and communications, the scope of economic and business integration, and the phenomenal volume and extreme mobility of international financial flows are creating conditions that make this process truly irreversible.
So the real question is not whether globalization will proceed, but how smoothly. The lesson of the backlash is that globalization cannot remain a process driven mostly by business. The assumption that the public will happily applaud as globalization demonstrates its enormous benefits has proved quite wrong. The public has very real anxieties. The rosy expectation that «a rising tide lifts all boats» was at best naive. The tide of globalization is raising only some boats, and to different levels and in different ways. The challenge of inequalities — in health, education, Internet access and fundamental prosperity — remains as pressing as ever, both within individual nations and between the nations of the world.
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Even as we have learned that a market economy can do wonders, we also have learned that the market does not have all the answers. The reaction against globalization springs, in large measure, from a fear that globalization means the return to some new version of the law of the jungle. To prevent this, we must put in place new regulatory measures adapted to the new economic balance of power Private companies must assert a much wider and stronger sense of corporate social responsibility. And we must listen to the responsible voices of a new «civil society,» which are forcing a debate on which type we want.
People's sense of alienation and malaise is aggravated by the feeling that the future is coming at us too fast and too brutally. We don't know who is governing whom, and the traditional system of representative democracy no longer responds to the new social, psychological and economic realities produced by globalization.
What should be our response to this malaise and to the backlash it is generating? We must not ignore the wide array of different interests, motivations and philosophies that global organizations embody. Though many of them express widely shared anxieties, others are just groups looking for trouble. And then there are the self-appointed defenders of the developing countries whose lofty zeal does not always hide the fact that they are actually defending their own interests.
The challenge for those who would address the backlash against globalization is to open the right dialogue with the right interlocutors. This means drawing a clear line between those voices expressing legitimate concerns and others bent on using any high-profile international event as a platform to get their 30 seconds in the spotlight. Kowtowing to the latter will just make matters worse by providing an appearance of legitimacy to extremists. This will have the almost automatic effect of hardening positions on the part of the businesses and governments they are attacking.
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The challenge is to go from diatribe to dialogue. A dialogue will mean a lot of give and take, and it has to be based on a shared will by all parties involved, to search for constructive approaches to the challenges of globalization and the technology revolution. Globalization is irreversible. But it depends on partnerships between governments, business and civil society to reduce its costs and enhance its potential in the best way.
(from «NEWSWEEK», 2002)
Notes:
Diatribe - обличительная речь
Malaise - недомогание, нездоровье
Backlash - ответный удар
Kowtowing - раболепствование, поклонение
II. GIVE RUSSIAN EQUIVALENTS FOR:
Irreversible; a surge of protectionism; an explosion of
hatred; a crucial point; enormous benefits; Internet access; prosperity; to place regulatory measures; corporate social responsibility; alienation; a wide array of different interests; on the part of; to reduce costs; to enhance a potential.
III. FIND IN THE ARTICLE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
FOR:
Переговоры; создавать условия; в лучшем случае; процветание; рыночная экономика; закон джунглей; собеседник; отрицать; воплощать.
IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE WORDS GIVEN
IN THE BRACKETS AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES
INTO RUSSIAN:
1. The revolution in information technology, business inte
gration create conditions for making globalization process ....
2. There is certain evidence of enormous ... of globali
zation.
3......... created conditions for global cooperation.
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4. Civil societies should strive for fundamental ....
5. 
But sense of ... is still acute because of fear in the
face of future.
6. Different philosophies ... different interests, motiva
tions and views.
7. A dialogue between nations should be based on.......
of the world.
(benefits; prosperity; to embody; a shared vision; irreversible; Internet access; alienation)
V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. Is globalization a psychological, social or economical
process?
2. Is globalization irreversible? What do you think? Give
your arguments.
3. What factors create conditions to make globalization
irreversible?
4. Is it possible to create the world society of peace and
harmony?
5. Is Cold War a reality or myth nowadays?
6. What are the advantages of globalization? Are there
any disadvantages?
7. Is it necessary to eliminate borders between countries
on the way of globalization?
8. Does globalization mean an opportunity for complete
security and equality?
9. Do you believe in globalization without visible psy
chological scars?
VI. MAKE UP DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS AND ASK
YOUR FRIEND TO ANSWER THEM:
1. The emergence of world politics promotes the develop
ment of cooperation across the globe.
2. Globalization has an important ideological dimension.
3. Globalization is connected with successful solution of
pollution problems.
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4. Global economy is based on international trade and
business activities.
5. Globalization becomes possible thanks to technologi
cal innovation.
6. The world government is a chance to survive on the
principle of peaceful coexistence.
VII. SPEAK ON THE MAJOR POINTS OF THE AR
TICLE.
VIII. ARRANGE A DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM
OF GLOBALIZATION. GIVE CONS AND PROS OF THIS
PROCESS.
IX. READ THE FOLLOWING EXTRACTS FROM IN
TERNATIONAL NEWS AND ENUMERATE THE URGENT
GLOBAL PROBLEMS:
1. A scarcity of computers and Internet service have
severely hindered continental industrialization programs and
have contributed to social problems such as HIV/AIDS to
create more than $360 billion in debt, says a United Na
tions report.
2. A global chocolate industry four-year plan to elimi
nate child slavery in the cocoa-producing nations of West
Africa annually may effect an estimated 200,000 children
who are smuggled across the borders of Mali, Burkina Faso,
Benin Cote d'Ivoire and Togo, according to a UN Children's
Fund report.
3. Women trade unionists meeting in Bucharest argued
that most resources and technical aid are still channeled
toward men producing crops for export.
4. The UN Conference on Trade and Development offi
cials say that nothing short of a major orientation of inter
national and domestic policies will improve the annual eco
nomic growth rate of three percent, scarcely half the amount
required for it to begin reducing poverty.
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5. The new World Bank-funded Africa Trade Insurance
Agency will try to stimulate foreign investment by provid
ing coverage for non-commercial hazards for exports to,
from and within Africa.
6. 
The UN Fund for Women says aid workers often turn
a blind eye to violations against women in refugee camps.
The displaced women have to live with constant sexual abuse
in camps designed to protect them.