Keep out of the reach of children.

Pharmacy

At the Chemist’s

On receiving a prescription from a doctor or on following a home treatment all of us need medicines, which are ordered or bought at a chemist’s.

There are usually two departments in a large chemist’s. At the chemist’s department one can have the medicine right away, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department.

At any chemist’s all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Each medicine has a label on it. The dose to be taken and the directions for the administration are indicated on a label. Indicating the dose and the name of any medicine is necessary for chemists, nurses, doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing different remedies, some of which are poisonous. Their overdosage may cause untoward reactions and even death. There are two drug cabinets with the big letters A and B at the prescription department. They keep poisonous drugs in the drug cabinet marked with the letter A, and all strong effective drugs are kept in the drug cabinet having the letter B.

At the chemist’s one can buy different drugs for intramuscular and intravenous injections, for oral administration and for external use. In the drug cabinets there are small parcels of different powders; ampules of glucose and camphor; tubes of healing ointments, which are rubbed in to relieve pain or skin irritation; pills for internal use; sedatives and tonics, such as bromide, vitamins, cod liver oil and sleeping-draughts; laxatives administered orally in case something is wrong with the patient’s stomach because of indigestion, bottles of iodine and so on. At the chemist’s shop one can also get hot-water bottles, medicine droppers and many other things which are quite necessary for medical care.

You can hand in the prescription for the cough mixture or tincture and other drugs written out by the doctor. The chemist can give you bottles of penicillin or streptomycin, ampules of novocaine, tablets for headache right away. Some remedies may be ready in two hours and a half. The chemist may advise to keep the medicine in a cool place and follow the directions. Before using the medicine the patient must know well that he is taking the proper drug and in the necessary dosage. For example, you will have to take a tablespoonful of the mixture three times a day to relieve cough.

Topic Vocabulary

1.	to administer some drugs orally	[əd´ministə] [´ɔrəli]	Назначить лекарства внутрь
2.	administration	[əd´ministreiʃən]	Применение
3.	alcohol	[´ælkəhəl]	Спирт
4.	an ampule	[´æmpu:l]	Ампула
5.	because of	[bi´kɔ:z əv]	Из-за
6.	Bromide	[´broumaid]	Бромид
7.	To cause	[kɔ:z]	Вызывать
8.	A chemist	[´kemist]	Фармацевт, аптекарь
9.	Chemist’s department	[di´pa:tmənt]	Отдел ручной продажи
10.	Chemist’s (shop)	[ʃɔp]	Аптека
11.	Cod liver oil	[´kɔd livər´ɔil]	Рыбий жир
12.	Compound	[´kɔmpaund]	Соединение
13.	To confuse	[´kənfju:z]	Путать
14.	The directions for administration of a drug	[di´rekʃən]	Указания, как употреблять лекарство
15.	Dose	[dous]	Доза, приём
16.	A dose to be taken	[tə bi: teikn]	Доза, которую следует принимать
17.	Dosage	[´dousiʤ]	Дозировка, доза; норма
18.	Dropper	[´drɔpə]	Пипетка
19.	A drug	[drʌg]	Лекарство, медикамент
20.	Drug action	[´ækʃən]	Действие лекарства
21.	Drug cabinet	[´kæbinət]	Шкаф для хранения лекарства
22.	Drug for injections	[in´ʤekʃənz]	Лекарство для инъекций
23.	Drug for internal (external) use	[in´tə:nl/eks´tə:nl ju:s]	Лекарство для внутреннего (наружного) употребления
24.	An effective drug	[i´fektiv]	Эффективное лекарство
25.	To hand in	[hænd]	Вручать, подавать
26.	To heal	[hi:l]	Заживать
27.	Healing ointment	[hi:liɳ ´ɔintmənt]	Лечебная мазь
28.	In case (of)	[in keis]	В случае, при
29.	To indicate	[´indikeit]	Указывать, обозначать
30.	Indigestion	[indi´ʤestʃən]	Расстройство пищеварения
31.	Intramuscular	[ˌintrə´mʌskjulə]	Внутримышечный
32.	Intravenous	[ˌintrə´vi:nəs]	Внутривенное
33.	Iodine	[´aiədi:n]	Йод
34.	Irritation	[iri´teiʃən]	Раздражение
35.	To keep (kept, kept)	[ki:p]	Держать, хранить
36.	A label	[´leibl]	Этикетка
37.	Laxative	[´læksətiv]	Слабительное лекарство
38.	To mark	[ma:k]	Отмечать, обозначать
39.	Medicine	[´medsin]	Лекарство, медикамент
40.	Medicine cabinet	[´kæbinət]	Домашняя аптечка
41.	Mixture	[´mikstʃə]	Микстура
42.	(It is) necessary for smb/smth	[´nesəsəri]	Необходимо для…
43.	Ointment	[´ɔintmənt]	Мазь
44.	To order	[´ɔ:də]	Заказывать
45.	To order a prescription	[pris´kripʃən]	Заказать лекарство по рецепту
46.	Overdosage	[´əuvədousiʤ]	Передозировка
47.	Pain-killer	[´peinkilə]	Болеутоляющее
48.	To paint the skin with iodine	[peint]	Смазать кожу йодом
49.	Pill	[pil]	Пилюля
50.	Poisonous	[´pɔiznəs]	Ядовитый
51.	Powder of aspirin	[´paudə əv ´æspirin]	Порошок аспирина
52.	Preparation	[prepə´reiʃn]	Препарат
53.	To prescribe (order) some drug	[pris´kraib]	Прописать (заказать) лекарство
54.	Prescription	[pris´kripʃn]	Рецепт
55.	Prescription for smth.		Рецепт на…
56.	Prescription department	[di´pa:tmənt]	Рецептурный отдел
57.	Remedy	[´remidi]	Лечебное средство
58.	Right away	[rait ə´wei]	Сразу; без заказа
59.	To rinse (one’s hands)	[rins]	Полоскать, промывать (руки)
60.	To rub in	[rub]	Втирать
61.	Sedative	[´sedətiv]	Успокаивающее средство
62.	To shake (shook, shaken)	[ʃeik]	Трясти, взбалтывать
63.	Signature	[´signitʃə]	Сигнатура
64.	A sleeping-draught	[´sli:piŋdra:ft]	Снотворное
65.	Something is wrong with …	[rɔɳ]	Что-то не в порядке с…
66.	To sponge (the skin)	[spʌnʤ]	Вытирать (кожу)
67.	To stick (stuck, stuck) a label on a bottle	[stik]	Наклеить этикетку на бутылку
68.	A strong effective drug	[strɔŋ i´fektiv]	Сильнодействующее лекарство
69.	A tablet for headache	[´tæblət fə´hedeik]	Таблетка от головной боли
70.	To take a tablespoonful of mixture	[´teiblspu:nful]	Принимать микстуру по столовой ложке
71.	To take sleeping-draughts before going to bed		Принимать снотворное перед сном
72.	Tincture	[´tiɳktʃə]	Настойка
73.	Tonic	[´tɔnik]	Тонизирующее средство
74.	Tube of healing ointment	[tju:b əv´hi:liŋ ´ɔintmənt]	Тюбик лечебной мази
75.	An untoward reaction	[ʌn´touəd ri:´ækʃn]	Неблагоприятная реакция
76.	To write out	[rait aut]	Выписать

ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY

1) аптека - pharmacy

2) провизор, фармацевт - pharmacist

3) отпускать лекарство - to dispense drugs (medicines)

4) побочное действие лекарства - adverse effect of a drug

5) терапевтическое действие лекарства - therapeutic action of a drug

6) принимать лекарство - to take a drug

каждый час - every hour

натощак - on an empty stomach

перед едой - before meals

после еды - after meals

7) капли - drops

накапать семь капель - to drop seven drops

8) намазать мазь - to put the ointment on

9) встряхнуть бутылку с микстурой перед использованием - to shake the bottle with the mixture before use

10) принять десять капель настойки - to take ten drops of the tincture

11) отвар - decoction

давать отвар три раза в день после еды - to give decoction three times a day after meal

12) обезболивающая пилюля - pain-relieving pill

13) присыпка - dust, powder

14) раствор - solution

давать раствор в соответствии с предписанием врача - to give solution according to the doctor’s instruction

15) свеча - suppository

применять свечи - to use suppositories

16) полтаблетки - a half tablet

таблетка, покрытая оболочкой - coated tablet

17) растирать лекарство в порошок - to powder a drug

18) Не принимайте лекарства без назначения врача. - Don’t take drugs without a doctor’s advice.

19) Вы хорошо переносите новокаин? - Are you sensitive to Novocain?

20) Взбалтывайте эту микстуру перед употреблением. - Shake this mixture before use.

21) Запивайте эту пилюлю молоком. - Take this pill with milk.

22) Не принимайте эти капли натощак. - Don’t take these drops on an empty stomach.

DRUGS ADMINISTERED FOR

angina pectoris: papaverin, nitroglycerin(e)

hypertension: reserpin, cortison

kidney diseases: glucose, vitamin B1, B12

lobar pneumonia: antibiotics, sulfonamides

myocardial infarction: anticoagulants-pelintan, heparin

DRUGS USED AS

pain-killers: morphine, promedol, omnapone, pontapone

sedatives: bromide, aminosine, reserpin

tonics: caffeine, cordiamin

EXERCISES

Exercise I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. Translate them.

1. a prescription, to write out a prescription for some medicine, to order the prescriptions

2. a chemist, to work as a chemist, at a chemist’s department

3. a label, to stick a label on a bottle, the dose of the drug is indicated on a label

4. to administer, to administer some drug orally, the administration of a drug, the directions for the administration of a drug

5. poisonous, poisonous remedies may cause death, every nurse must know which drugs are poisonous

6. dose, dosage, the dose to be taken, the dose is indicated on a label, overdosage of a drug may cause untoward reactions, take only the indicated dose of the drug

7. powder, powders for cough, powders for headache, take these powders three times a day, these are the powders for internal use

8. an ampule, ampules of camphor, glucose is kept in ampules

9. intravenous, intramuscular, intravenous injections, intramuscular injection of vitamin B, intravenous injections of glucose

10. sedatives, tonics, cod liver oil, sleeping-draughts, laxatives, vitamins, bromide, iodine, to take sleeping-draughts before going to bed, to prescribe laxatives if something is wrong with the patient’s stomach, to administer sedatives orally

11. to sponge, to sponge the skin, to sponge the skin with alcohol before injections

12. to rinse, to rinse the mouth, to rinse the hands with alcohol before the operation

Exercise II. Find the equivalents for the following word combinations and sentences:

1. принимать столовую ложку этой микстуры;

2. только через два с половиной часа;

3. что-то у больного не в порядке с желудком;

4. передозировка может вызвать неблагоприятные реакции;

5. микстура от кашля;

6. иногда передозировка может вызвать даже смерть;

7. заказать лекарство по рецепту;

8. хранить лекарство в прохладном месте;

9. указания для употребления лекарства;

10. в рецептурном отделе;

11. необходимы для медицинского ухода;

12. все сильнодействующие лекарства;

13. лечебные мази, которые втираются, чтобы снять боль или раздражение кожи;

14. принимать лекарство три раза в день;

15. слабительные, назначаемые внутрь;

16. взбалтывать лекарство перед употреблением.

Exercise III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where required:

A. Some days ago I learned … Petrov, one … my fellow-students, that my friend was ill. He lived … the University hostel, so I went there … once to find out what he was ill … . It turned … that he was ill … the grippe. There was nobody … that moment to go … the chemist’s to order all the prescriptions. My friend was running a high temperature and was … a poor condition. I took the prescriptions written … … the district doctor and went … the nearest chemist’s. … the chemist’s department I bought pills and powders right … . I ordered the cough mixture … the prescription department. Later I got the drugs which I had ordered. When the chemist gave me the bottle … mixture he said to keep it … a cool place and shake it … using.

B. 1. “Have you any pain … the stomach?” “Yes, I have sometimes. Something is wrong … it.” 2. The district doctor wrote … a prescription … some tablets. 3. As my brother was running a very high temperature the doctor prescribed … him the tablets … aspirin to keep the fever … . 4. The chemist wrote the name … the drug … the label and stuck it … the bottle. 5. I’ll prescribe … you a tube … healing ointment. Please rub it … to relieve the skin irritation. 6. These ampules … camphor are … intramuscular injections. 7. Please order this prescription … the chemist’s … your way … the University. 8. Be careful! This drug is only … external use. And besides its overdosage may cause an irritation … the skin. 9. If something is wrong … the liver the doctor may write … the prescription … vitamin B1 or B12.

Exercise IV. Find equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

1. the department where we can have the medicine right away; 2. the department where we order some prescriptions; 3. a small slip of paper on which the name of the medicine is written; 4. drugs taken orally; 5. unfavourable reaction; 6. the drugs which may cause an untoward reaction or sometimes even death; 7. the method of introducing some medicine into the vein; 8. the method of introducing some medicine into the muscle; 9. a substance made of oil or fat and applied to the skin to heal wounds; 10. the medicine which is prescribed in case of sleeplessness; 11. to mix the medicine in the bottle moving it quickly up and down; 12. a small instrument used for dropping some medicine; 13. the drug which produces an extremely marked influence; 14. the treatment which causes good results; 15. to go to the chemist’s and order some drugs; 16. at once; 17. neither a cold nor a hot place; 18. something hurts my stomach.

Exercise V. Translate the sentences:

1. The patient rubbed in the healing ointment. 2. The healing ointment rubbed in every three hours gave relief. 3. The chemist stuck a yellow label on a box of medicine. 4. You must take the prescribed drug after meals. 5. The neurologist prescribed to me sleeping-draughts. 6. The untoward reaction caused by the overdosage of this drug caused a bad pain in his stomach. 7. The doctor marked some changes in the patient’s blood pressure. 8. The drug kept in a cool place must be shaken before using. 9. The chemist kept all strong effective drugs in a special drug cabinet.

Exercise VI. Answer the following questions:

А. 1. Why do we have to go to the chemist’s? 2. How many departments are there in the chemist’s shop? 3. At what department do some drugs have to be ordered? 4. Where are all drugs kept? 5. What is stuck on every bottle and box containing some drug? 6. What is usually written on a signature or a label, which is stuck on a bottle? 7. Why must the name of the medicine and the directions for the administration be written on a label? 8. Why is the dose to be taken indicated on the label? 9. What can we see in the drug cabinets? 10. What can you buy at the chemist’s department? 11. What do you hand in to the prescription department? 12. What things for medical care do we buy at the chemist’s? 13. Where do they keep strong effective drugs? 14. Where do they keep poisonous drugs? 15. What do patients take in case of sleeplessness? 16. Who takes cod liver oil? 17. What can you paint the skin with? 18. What must we sponge the skin with before giving injections? 19. What remedies for external use do you know? 20. What is the dosage of the cough mixture? 21. Where must we keep drugs? 22. In what cases are sedatives prescribed? 23. What may cause untoward reactions? 24. What is a medicine dropper used for? 25. What pills does a doctor prescribe to keep the fever down? 26. What do you take for a headache? 27. What do you take for a cough? 28. When does a doctor prescribe penicillin injections? 29. In what cases are laxatives administered? 30. When did you order a prescription last time?

В.1. Reserpin is administered for kidney diseases, isn’t it? 2. Nitroglycerin is administered for angina pectoris, isn’t it? 3. Vitamin B12 can be prescribed for liver diseases, can’t it? 4. Anticoagulants can be prescribed for myocardial infarction, can’t they? 5. Cordiamin is a tonic, isn’t it? 6. Aminosine is a sedative, isn’t it? 7. Luminal is a sleeping-draught, isn’t it?

Exercise VII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. В этой ампуле содержится пять граммов глюкозы.

2. Продают ли новокаин в отделе ручной продажи?

3. Это лекарство можно заказать в любой аптеке.

4. Маленьким детям необходимо принимать рыбий жир регулярно.

5. Что-то было не в порядке у него с желудком.

6. Есть ли в отделе ручной продажи пипетки и грелки?

7. Эта мазь вызвала раздражение кожи.

8. Нужно соблюдать строгую диету при расстройстве пищеварения.

9. Полощите горло этим лекарством два раза в день и не забудьте взбалтывать его перед употреблением.

10. Доктор, сколько раз в день я должен принимать это лекарство? – Принимайте его по столовой ложке три раза в день перед едой.

11. Я пропишу вам порошки и микстуру от кашля. Они должны вам помочь.

12. Больному прописали тонизирующее и успокаивающее, так как он жаловался на слабость и бессонницу.

13. Сестра сделала больному инъекцию, так как он жаловался на сильную боль в загрудинной области.

14. В отделе ручной продажи я купила порошки от головной боли и две пипетки.

15. Что вы можете мне сказать об этом лекарстве? Это сильнодействующее лекарство, которое нужно принимать только по назначению врача.

16. Это – мазь от раздражения кожи.

17. Эти пилюли от болей в желудке.

18. Эти порошки от высокой температуры.

19. Эти таблетки от болей в сердце.

20. Эта микстура от кашля.

21. Эти таблетки от простуды.

22. Это лекарство можно назначать как внутримышечно, так и для приёма внутрь.

23. Принимайте это лекарство осторожно, следуйте указаниям врача, потому что передозировка может вызвать неблагоприятную реакцию.

24. Врач прописал мне микстуру, которая сняла кашель и помогла мне быстро поправиться.

25. Почему вчера вы не дали этому больному снотворного? Он ведь жаловался на бессонницу.

26. Вы будете принимать эту микстуру, и вы скоро перестанете кашлять.

Exercise VIII. Suggested topics for oral narration:

1. Describe the chemist’s where you usually order your prescriptions.

2. Make up a dialogue between a customer and a chemist.

3. Give your directions for administration of a cough mixture to a patient.

TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING

PHARMACY

Pharmacy is the science which treats of medicinal substances. It deals not only with medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but with their combination, analysis and standardization.

The word “pharmacy” is also used to define the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold. The title “pharmacist” is conferred upon a person who demonstrates that he is scientifically and professionally capable to engage in the practice of pharmacy. The compounding of medicines which requires the scientific combination of two or more ingredients and their dispensing demand special knowledge, experience and high professional standards. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, botany, etc.

Pharmacognozy is the science, dealing with the history, source, cultivation, collection, preparation, distribution, composition, purity and preservation of drugs of vegetable and animal origin.

Pharmacology is the science of drugs.

A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medical substances with formulas for their preparation.

The pharmacopoeia describes also the proper method of packing and storing the drug.

Notes

1) medical substances – лекарственные вещества

2) dispensing – расфасовка

3) constitution – состав

4) property – свойство, качество

5) composition – структура, состав

Ex.1. Read and translate the following words using the knowledge of Latin:

Pharmacy, medicine, drug, compound, dispense, pharmacist, medicinal, prescribe, prescription.

Ex.2. Give the definition to the following terms:

Pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmacognozy, pharmacology, Pharmacopoeia.

Ex.3. Find in the text the equivalents of the following words:

Лекарственные вещества; искусство составления и расфасовки лекарств; присваивать; требует специальных знаний, опыта; формулы для приготовления лекарственных веществ; метод упаковки и хранения лекарств.

TABLETS

The tablet is the most common form for the administration of a drug in a dry state.

A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is characterized by a definite rate of disintegration with water.

It is observed that tablets can be made from certain drugs, even without the addition of auxiliary substances.

But for some drugs, the addition of auxiliary substances is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting.

The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. It helps to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets, which should dissolve in the mouth, must be more strongly compressed than other tablets for internal administration.

Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction, which demands the use of greater amounts of lubricants and glidants. Glidants are added to the tablets to improve their flow properties.

Notes

1) the most common form of medication – самая распространённая форма лекарственных препаратов

2) without the addition – без добавления

3) auxiliary substances – вспомогательные (добавленные) вещества

4) to overcome difficulties – преодолеть трудности

5) friction – трение

6) lubricants – смазывающие вещества

7) glidants – скользящие вещества

8) flow property – скользящее свойство

Ex.1. Find in the text the equivalents of the following words and word combinations:

Самая распространённая форма лекарственных препаратов; Определённые свойства; Вспомогательные вещества; Преодолеть определённые трудности; Применение определённого давления; Растворяться во рту; Для внутреннего применения; Увеличение трения; Смазывающие вещества; Скользящие вещества.

Ex.2. Answer the following questions:

1) What is a tablet?

2) How are tablets made?

3) What is the role of auxiliary substances?

4) What is specific about tablets which should dissolve in the mouth?

5) Why are glidants added to the tablets?

SOLUTION

Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solution of solids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.

Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions.

If sugar is dissolved in water and the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions, then a true solution is formed. On the other hand, if very fine sand is mixed with water, consisting of many molecules, then a colloidal solution is formed.

From the pharmaceutical point of view solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance.

The extent of solubility of different substances varies, but it has a constant value at constant temperature.

Notes

1) solution – раствор

2) solid – твёрдое тело

3) liquid – жидкость

4) dimension – размер, величина

5) extent – степень

6) dispersed – рассеянные, распространённые

7) ultimate – элементарный

Ex.1. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text.

Рассеянные частицы (взвешенные частицы); Растворяться в воде; Элементарная частица; Молекулярного размера; Истинный раствор; Коллоидный раствор; Взвесь; С другой стороны; С фармацевтической точки зрения; Степень растворимости; Постоянная температура.

Ex. 2. Answer the questions.

1) What is said to be a solution?

2) What solutions is it possible to have?

3) What solutions do we recognize?

4) How is a true solution formed?

5) How is a colloidal solution formed?

6) What can you say about the extent of solubility of different substances?

SOME RULES FOR DRUG TAKING

If medicine is taken incorrectly, it may actually cause harm. As a rule, the prescription contains information about dosage, doses, time for taking it and the way of taking. But some patients don’t always follow the prescribed instructions.

Here are some rules for drug taking:

1) Some medicines taken after meal can lose their effect. Hence pharmacological therapy follows this general rule: medicines having an organic structure should be taken one-half hour to one hour before meal-time.

2) Non-acid-resisting antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin) and other medicines should be taken with acidic juices.

3) Alcohol has a very negative influence on the effect of medicines. It intensifies the effect of histamines, barbiturates and tricyclic antidepressants. Alcohol increases the toxicity of barbiturates by more than 50%.

4) Shake the bottle with liquids or the last dose can be too strong.

5) Keep the medicine in a cool place.

* * *

The Excerpt from “The Citadel” by A. J. Cronin.

…Andrew took a six-ounce bottle from the shelf beneath the counter and began to compound an antipyretic mixture. Spirits of nitre, salicylate of sodium –where was the soda sal? Oh, there it was! He tried to cheer himself thinking that they were all splendid, all excellent drugs, which had to get the temperature down, certain to do good. Professor Lamplough had often declared there was no drug so generally valuable as salicylate of sodium.

He had just finished his compounding and was writing the label with his directions when the outer door opened and a short red-faced man of thirty came in, followed by a dog.

Notes

antipyretic mixture – жаропонижающая микстура

spirits of nitre – салициловый натрий

salicylate of sodium – салицил

soda sal. (сокр.) –salicylate of sodium

EXERCISES FOR ADVANCED STUDENTS

Different types of drugs.

Exercise I. Use the clues to fill in the missing letters to complete the names of types of drugs below.

I-

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

1. A wide range of drugs to relieve pain.

2. They help to remove excess fluid from the body.

3. They increase activity.

4. These drugs are used to reduce and suppress swelling.

5. Excellent painkillers originally derived from opium.

6. These help suppress nausea and vomiting.

7. One of the best known drugs which anyone can buy and use to relieve pain, inflammation and fever.

8. They prevent blood clots forming.

9. They soothe patients and help them sleep.

10. These are used to calm people and relieve anxiety.

11. Taken to relieve constipation.

12. These help to clear a stuffy nose.

13. Antibiotics are sometimes given this name because of the rapid relief they bring to many infectious diseases.

14. It’s used in the treatment of diabetes.

15. It’s used to increase the performance of a weak heart.

The effects of drugs

Exercise II. Choose a suitable verb from the box to complete the phrases below. Use each one once only.

alleviate, be absorbed, cause, dilate, have, impair, interfere, promote, reduce, soothe, stimulate, suppress, replace.

____________________________ sleep

____________________________ into the blood stream

____________________________ the production of hormones

____________________________ with other drugs

____________________________ nausea

____________________________ an inhibitory effect

____________________________ the ability to drive

____________________________ the blood vessels

____________________________ side effects

____________________________ the heart rate

____________________________ pain

____________________________ inflammation

____________________________ abnormal losses of body fluids

Containers

Exercise III. Match the following containers with the contents below.

1 . a tube of _________________	8. a packet of ___________________
2. a jar of __________________	9. a roll of _____________________
3. a bottle of ________________	10. a __________________ dispenser
4. a box of _________________	11. a bar of ___________________
5. a vial of _________________	12. a bag of ___________________
6. an ampoule of ____________	13. a cartridge of ________________
7. a tin of ________________	14. a sachet of _________________

Giving instructions on drug administration

Exercise IV. Complete the following sentences. Choose from the box. Some words may be used more than once.

apply, carry, chew, clean, continue, dip, dissolve, inhale, insert, lay, leave, put, rub, sip, spray, stick, take, wear.

1. _____ a little of this ointment on his chest each morning.

2. _____ two of these tablets twice a day.

3. _____two puffs in each nostril twice a day.

4. _____the cream to the affected areas every morning.

5. Don’t _____ these tablets. Swallow them whole.

6. _____ one pessary into the vagina before going to bed.

7. Ask your brother to help you _____ two drops into each ear in the morning.

8. It’s best to _____the patch on your thigh or lower back.

9. We would advise you to _____ these stockings until you’re able to become a bit more active.

10. You should _____ this insulin kit with you at all times.

11. Just _____ the lozenge under the tongue and allow it to _____ slowly.

12. Make a hot drink and _____ it slowly.

13. _____ the wound with tepid water and _____ it open to the air.

14. _____ one teaspoonful in half a liter of hot water and _____ the steam.

15. _____ the end of the strip into the urine and wait to see if the colour changes.

16. Make sure you _____ with these pills until they’re all finished, even if you think you’re better!

Drug culture

Exercise V. What does a drug taker mean by the following? Choose the correct answer.

1. I need a fix!

a) a pill

b) time to lie down

c) an injection

d) a tourniquet

2. He’s clean!

a) stopped taking drugs

b) sells only pure drugs

c) buys drugs

d) conceals drugs by swallowing them

3. When did you shoot up?

a) conceal drugs

b) take an injection

c) begin taking drugs

d) buy drugs

4. He’s hooked.

a) preparing to inject

b) addicted to drugs

c) in prison

d) in hospital

5. She takes hard stuff.

a) sedatives

b) LSD

c) cocaine and opiates

d) cannabis

6. Have you got the machinery?

a) morphine

b) supplier’s phone number

c) equipment for injecting

d) a place to hide

7. She’s registered.

a) obtains a regular prescription for drugs

b) is known by the police

c) knows where to buy drugs illegally

d) has been taken into hospital

8. I need a script!

a) a pack of clean needles

b) an injection

c) a pill

d) a prescription

9. Who’s the dealer?

a) doctor

b) supplier

c) addict

d) heroin taker

10. She does pipes.

a) smokes crack cocaine

b) conceals drugs in the vagina

c) injects intravenously

d) inhales heroin fumes

11. He’s a junkie.

a) heroin taker

b) stopped taking drugs

c) police informer

d) a doctor willing to prescribe drugs

Reading skills: using a pharmacology reference

Ex. VI. Using the prescribing information, choose the most appropriate antibiotic for these patients.

1. A 4-year-old boy with meningitis due to pneumococcus. He is allergic to penicillin.

2. A 67-year-old man with a history of chronic bronchitis now suffering from pneumonia. The causative organism is resistant to tetracycline.

3. A 27-year-old woman with urinary tract infection in early pregnancy. She complains of nausea.

4. A 4-year-old girl with septic arthritis due to haemophilus influenzae.

5. An 18-year-old man with left leg amputation above the knee following a road traffic accident.

6. A 50-year-old woman with endocarditis caused by strep. viridans.

7. A 13-year-old girl with disfiguring acne.

8. An 8-year-old boy with tonsillitis due to B-haemolytic streptococcus.

9. A 43-year-old dairyman with brucellosis.

10. A 4-year-old unimmunised sibling of a 2-year-old boy with whooping cough.

AMPICILLIN

Indications: urinary-tract infections, otitis media, chronic bronchitis, invasive salmonellosis, gonorrhoea

Cautions; Contra-indications; Side-effects: see under Benzylpenicillin; also erythematous rashes in glandular fever and chronic lymphatic leukaemia; reduce dose in renal impairment.

Dose: by mouth, 0,25-1 g every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food

Gonorrhoea, 2g as a single dose with probenecid 1g; repeated for women

Urinary-tract infections, 500 mg every 8 hours

By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 500 mg every 4-6 hours; higher doses in meningitis

CHILD, any route, ½ adult dose

BENZYLPENICILLIN

(Penicillin G)

Indications: tonsillitis, otitis media, erysipelas, streptococcal endocarditis, meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis, prophylaxis in limb amputation

Cautions: history of allergy; renal impairment

Contra-indications: penicillin hypersensitivity

Side-effects: sensitivity reactions including urticaria, fever, joint pains; angioedema; anaphylactic shock in hypersensitive patients; diarrhea after administration by mouth

Dose: by intramuscular injection, 300-600 mg 2-4 times daily; CHILD up to 12 years, 10-20 mg/kg daily; NEONATE, 30 mg/kg daily

By intravenous infusion, up to 24g daily

By intrathecal injection, 6-12 mg daily

Prophylaxis in dental procedures and limb amputation

CO-TRIMOXAZOLE

A mixture of sulphamethoxazole 5 parts, trimethoprim 1 part

Indications: invasive salmonellosis, typhoid fever, bone and joint infections due to H. influenzae, urinary-tract infections, sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, gonorrhoea in penicillin-allergic patients

Cautions: blood counts in prolonged treatment, maintain adequate fluid intake, renal impairment, breast-feeding; photosensitivity.

Contra-indications: pregnancy, infants under 6 weeks, renal or hepatic failure, jaundice, blood disorders

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, rashes, erythema multiforme, epidermal necrolysis, eosinophilia, agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia, purpura, leucopenia; megaloblastic anaemia due to trimethoprim

Dose: by mouth, 960 mg every 12 hours, increased to 1,44g in severe infections; 480 mg every 12 hours if treated for more than 14 days; CHILD, every 12 hours, 6 weeks to 5 months, 120 mg; 6 months to 5 years, 240 mg; 6-12 years, 480 mg

Gonorrhoea, 1,92g every 12 hours for 2 days, or 2,4g followed by a further dose of 2,4g after 8 hours

By intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion, 960 mg every 12 hours

Note: 480 mg of co-trimoxazole consists of sulphamethoxazole 400 mg and trimethoprim 80 mg

ERYTHROMYCIN

Indications: alternative to penicillin in hypersensitive patients; sinusitis, diphtheria and whooping cough prophylaxis; legionnaires’ disease; chronic prostatitis

Cautions: hepatic impairment

Contra-indications: estolate contra-indicated in liver disease

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea after large doses

Dose: by mouth, 250-500 mg every 6 hours; CHILD, 125-250 mg every 6 hours

Syphilis, 20 mg in divided doses over 10 days

By slow intravenous injection or infusion, 2g daily in divided doses, increased to 4g in severe infections; CHILD, 30-50 mg/kg daily in divided doses

GENTAMICIN

Indications: septicaemia and neonatal sepsis; meningitis and other CNS infections; biliary tract infection, acute pyelonephritis or prostatitis, endocarditis caused by Strep. viridans or faecalis (with a penicillin)

Cautions: increase dose interval in renal impairment.

Contra-indications: pregnancy, myasthenia gravis

Side-effects: vestibular damage, reversible nephrotoxicity

Dose: by intramuscular injection or slow intravenous injection or infusion, 2-5 mg/kg daily, in divided doses every 8 hours. In renal impairment the interval between successive doses should be increased to 12 hours when the creatinine clearance is 30-70 ml/minute, 24 hours for 10-30 ml/minute, 48 hours for 5-10 ml/minute, and 3-4 days after dialysis for less than 5 ml/minute

CHILD, up to 2 weeks, 3 mg/kg every 12 hours; 2 weeks-12 years, 2 mg/kg every 8 hours

By intrathecal injection, 1 mg daily, with 2-4 mg/kg daily by intramuscular injection in divided doses every 8 hours

PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN

(Penicillin V)

Indications: tonsillitis, otitis media, erysipelas, rheumatic fever prophylaxis, endocarditis prophylaxis

Cautions; Contra-indications; Side-effects: see under Benzylpenicillin

Dose: 250-500 mg every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food; CHILD, every 6 hours, up to 1 year 62.5 mg, 1-5 years 125 mg, 6-12 years 250 mg

TETRACYCLINE

Indications: exacerbations of chronic bronchitis; infections due to brucella, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and rickettsia; severe acne vulgaris

Cautions: breast-feeding; rarely causes photosensitivity. Avoid intravenous administration in hepatic impairment.

Contra-indications: renal failure, pregnancy, children under 12 years of age

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; super-infection with resistant organisms; rarely allergic reactions

Dose: by mouth, 250-500 mg every 6 hours

Syphilis, 30-40g in divided doses over 10-15 days

Non-gonococcal urethritis, 500mg 4 times daily for 10-21 days

By intramuscular injection, 100 mg every 8-12 hours, or every 4-6 hours in severe infections

By intravenous infusion, 500 mg every 12 hours; max. 2g daily

DIALOGUES

At the Chemist’s

1. Petrov enters the chemist’s shop with a prescription, which he has just received.

Petrov—I have a prescription for some medicine. Can I have it right away?

Chemist—Sorry, it must be made up. It has been in great demand lately.

Petrov—Then I’ll leave the prescription. Will it be ready in a couple of hours?

Chemist—I’m afraid it will not be ready before this evening.

Petrov—Well, then I’ll come in the evening.

2. A young woman enters the drugstore.

Woman—Be so kind as to advise something for a headache.

Chemist—These pills are very effective. They will stop your headache at once.

Woman—Have you any antibiotics?

Chemist—We have a lot of them at present. Here are some new antibiotics: albumycin, monomycin and mycerin.

Woman—I have a prescription for albumycin.

Chemist—Here you are.

3. A middle-aged man enters the pharmacy, he comes up to the chemist and greets her.

Man—Good afternoon.

Chemist—Good afternoon. You are looking rather seedy today. What is the matter with you?

Man—I am feeling rather out of sorts. I have a headache and a sore throat. I am afraid I’ve got a temperature.

Chemist—Why aren’t you in bed?

Man—I have just finished my work. I am going home.

Chemist—I’ll give you some powders for stopping your headache and phuracylin to gargle your throat with. Go home and get into bed immediately. Call the doctor, if you are not well tomorrow.

Man—I hope for the better. I have to deliver a report tomorrow, so I must be as sound as a bell. Good-bye.

Chemist—Good afternoon. Be sure and follow my advice. Better stay in bed.

4. Just at that moment an old woman comes in, she hands a prescription to the chemist.

Chemist—You need cardiomin and cardiovalen. You may have them right away.

Woman—Thank you. Be so kind, have you got cholelitin or allochol? My liver troubles me, I was told you have these medicines ready.

Chemist—Sorry, we had them, but they are sold out at present. Come in a day, or two. We are expecting them any day.

Woman—Give me a pair of washing gloves and a cake of soap.

Chemist—Here they are. Anything else?

Woman—No, thank you. I’ll come in to days to buy some liver drugs. I need them badly. Good - bye.

Chemist—Good - bye.

Vocabulary Notes

to have the medicine right away - получить лекарство тотчас же

to be in great demand - пользоваться большим спросом

here you are - пожалуйста

to look seedy - плохо выглядеть

I am feeling rather out of sorts - мне не по себе

in consequence of - в результате чего

FOREIGN HUMOUR

* * *

A man went into a chemist’s and asked for something to cure a headache. The chemist held a bottle of ammonia to the man’s nose, in consequence of which the customer nearly fainted. As soon as he had recovered he began to rail at the chemist.

“But didn’t it help your headache? asked the chemist.

“Help my headache!” screamed the man, “I haven’t any headache, it’s my wife that’s got the headache.”

Note

ammonia –нашатырный спирт

* * *

The doctor smiled as he entered the room.

“You look much better today.”

“Yes, I followed the directions on your medicine bottle.”

“What were they?”

“Keep the bottle tightly corked.”

Note

to keep the bottle tightly corked –держать бутылку плотно закупоренной

INSTRUCTIONS

1.MEDI-FLEX

OINTMENT

Povidone Iodine Ointment, 10%

Antiseptic

Keep out of eyes.

For external use only

Net wt. 1gram

FOR SINGLE USE: contains 1% available iodine.

Directions: To help prevent infection in minor burns, cuts and abrasions. Apply directly to affected area as needed. May be bandaged.

FOR PROFESSIONAL USE.

Caution: In case of deep or puncture wounds or serious burns, consult physician. If redness, irritation, swelling or pain persists or increases, or if infection occurs, discontinue use and consult physician. Keep out of reach of children. Store at room temperature 15-30ºC (59-86ºF)

MEDI-FLEX

quality through innovation

OVERLAND PARK, KS 66210

2.PIRITON

ALLERGY

What you should know about Piriton Allergy tablets (chlorpheniramine maleate Ph.Eur. 4mg)

This leaflet is to help you get the most from your Piriton Allergy tablets. Please read it before you take the tablets and keep it until you have finished the pack. If there is anything you do not understand, ask your pharmacist to explain it to you.

WHAT ARE PIRITON ALLERGY TABLETS?

Piriton Allergy tablets are round, yellow tablets engraved with a P to one side of the break line. Each tablet contains 4mg of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine maleate. The tablets also contain lactose, maize starch, magnesium stearate, and the colouring material yellow iron oxide (E172). This pack contains 30 tablets.

WHO MAKES PIRITON ALLERGY TABLETS?

Piriton Allergy tablets are manufactured by Medeva Pharma Limited, Vale of Bardsley, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Lancashire, OL7 9RR. The product licence is held by Stafford-Miller Ltd., Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Herts., AL7 3SP. UK.

HOW DO PIRITON ALLERGY TABLETS WORK?

Piriton Allergy tablets contain an antihistamine. Histamine is a chemical released into the body during an allergic reaction. It causes itching and inflammation. Piriton Allergy tablets block the effects of histamine, calming down the body’s allergic reaction and starting to relieve the symptoms within half an hour.

WHAT ARE PIRITON ALLERGY TABLETS FOR?

Piriton Allergy tablets are used to treat allergies. They relieve the itchiness, redness, swelling, tenderness and irritation associated with many skin problems.

You can take Piriton Allergy tablets for things like nettle rash, hives, heat rash, prickly heat, dermatitis, reactions to food, food additives or medicines, insect bites or stings.

Piriton Allergy tablets also relieve the sneezing and itchy, watery eyes and nose associated with hayfever.

BEFORE YOU TAKE YOUR MEDICINE

· Are you allergic to any of the ingredients?

· Have you taken monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) treatment in the last

14 days?

· Are you pregnant or breast feeding?

· Do you have epilepsy, glaucoma, an enlarged prostate, an overactive thyroid, very high blood pressure, heart, liver or chest disease?

· Are you taking drugs to treat anxiety or help you sleep?

· Are you taking any medicine containing phenytoin for epilepsy?

If the answer to any of these questions is YES, tell your doctor or pharmacist immediately.

Do not drink alcohol whilst taking this medicine.

If these tablets make you feel drowsy, do not drive or operate machinery.