VI. Reading and comprehension.

Ex. 16. Read the text B without a dictionary for 7 minutes and say what problems are mentioned in the text:

Text B

Where metals come from

Metals are most often found in rocks on the Earth. Metals are sometimes found in sand because sand is rock that is worn away over a long time. Most often metals are in the form of ore. Ores are a kind of rock with very small pieces of metal inside. To get the metal out, the ore is crushed and sometimes heated or chemicals are used. The places where people get metals from the Earth are called mines. People sometimes dig mines making big holes in the ground, to get at the ore. Many things that are made of metals may, in fact, be made of mixtures of at least one metal with either other metals, or with non-metals. These mixtures are called alloys. Some common alloys are:

Steel (iron and carbon) (Carbon is a non-metal)

Brass (copper and zinc)

Bronze ( copper and tin)

People first began making things from metal over 6000 years ago, when they discovered how to get copper from its ore. They then learned how to make a harder alloy, bronze, by adding tin to the copper. About 3000 years ago, they discovered iron. By adding small amounts of carbon to iron, they found that they could make a particularly useful alloy – steel. Iron and the large family of iron alloys called steel are the most common of the commercial metals. Iron melts at 2,777 F and boils at 4,442 f. Small addition of carbon reduces the melting point.

Ore – руда crush – вижимати mine - шахта, копальня brass – жовта мідь cooper – мідь tin – олово

Ex.17. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

a) Metals are most often found under the ground.

b) The places where people get metals from the Earth are called caves.

c) People first began making things from metal over 6000 years ago.

d) Carbon and the large family of iron alloys called steel are the most common of the commercial metals.

e) Small addition of carbon reduces the melting point.

Ex. 18. Answer the following questions:

1. Where are metals found?

2. What do we call places where metals are obtained?

3. What is alloy?

4. Why did people begin to make things from metal?

5. What do we call iron and the large family of iron alloys ?

Ex. 19. Make up a plan to the text.

VII. Oral Practice

Ex. 20. Explain:

1. why carbon is the most important element;

2. when people began making things from metal;

3. what is called alloys.

VIII. Reading and comprehention.

Ex.21. Read the text without a dictionary for 5 minutes:

Text C

Hot Working of Steel

An important feature of hot working is that it provides the improvement of mechanical properties of metals. Hot-working (hot –rolling or hot - forging) eliminates porosity, directionality, and segregation that are usually present in metals. Hot –worked products have better ductility and toughness than the unworked casting. During the forging of a bar, the grains of the metal become greatly elongated in the direction of flow. As a result, the toughness of the metal is greatly improved in this direction and weakened in directions transverses to the flow. Good forging makes the flow lines in the finished part oriented so as to lie in the direction of maximum stress when the part is placed in service.

The ability of a metal to resist thinning and fracture during cold – working operations plays an important role in alloy selection. In operations that involve stretching, the best alloys are those which grow stronger with strain (are strain hardening) – for example, the copper – zinc alloy, brass, used for cartridges and the alumunium- magnesium alloys in beverage cans, which exhibit greater strain hardening.

Fracture of the workpiece during forming can result from inner flaws in the metal. These flaws often consist of nonmetallic inclusions such as oxides or sulfides that are trapped in the metal during refining. Such inclusions can be avoided by proper manufacturing procedures.

The ability of different metals to undergo strain varies. The change of the shape after one forming operation is often limited by the tensile ductility of the metal. Metals such as copper and aluminium are more ductile in such operations than other metals.

Notes:

Feature – особливість

porosity - пористість

flow – течія, потік

thinning – витончений (утонченный)

strain hardening – деформаційне укріплення (Деформационное упрочнение)

brass – латунь

to exhibit – проявляти (проявлять)

refining – очищення, очистка (очищение)

to segregate – розділяти

transverse–поперечний

tensile ductility – пластичність при розтягуванні