Behaves drives effort outcomes reach willingness
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- Motivation is what … us to try to … certain goals.
- Motivation is a decision-making process through which a person chooses desired … and … in ways that will lead to acquiring them.
- Motivation is the … to make the … to achieve certain goals.
Ex.2.Read the following and decide whether the active or passive forms are the most appropriate.
Employees and motivation.In recent years (1) a great deal of research has been done/ they have done a great deal of research into motivation in the workplace. Yet misconceptions (2) are persisted/ persisted. Not only (3) do many employees believe/ is it believed by many employees that money is the main source of motivation, but also that motivation must come from outside. This external, or extrinsic, motivation might be in the form of rewards for (4) the achievement of a specific degree of success by employees / employees who have achieved a specific degree of success. While (5) such rewards may be wanted by employees / employees may want such rewards, they might not be aware that a different kind of motivation is equally powerful. (6) Intrinsic motivation plays a major role / A major role is played by intrinsic motivation in getting workers on task and on the road to success. This kind of motivation comes from within and (7) external rewards do not affect it / is not affected by external rewards. Finally, employees (8) can help themselves / can be helped by individually drawing up a personalized plan involving self-motivational techniques.
Ex. 3. Match the prefixes over- and out- to the verbs below.
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Bid book charge manoeuvre number run
Strip subscribe take vote
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Complete these sentences using the prefixes over - or out-, and the correct form of the verbs above. Use each prefix and verb combination only once.
1. Nokia overtook Motorola last year to become the world's biggest mobile phone maker.
2.The group has outstripped its rivals Motorola and Ericson.
3. AT&T ... two of Mexico's largest suppliers to win the right to build 60% of the network.
4.The CEO and three other board members combined to ... the three non-executive directors.
5. We were completely ... in the negotiation and ended up paying too high a price.
6. In our company, females ... males four to one.
7.The airline offers cash as compensation for passengers when flights are ... .
8. They refused to commit themselves in case the project's cost ... its budget.
9. He is alleged to have ... them for production and repair work.
10. The share issue was a success and was hugely ... .
Ex.4. Discuss these questions.
1.Would you like to run your own business? If you wanted to start your own business, which, if any, of these sectors would most interest you?
*hotels and catering * retail *manufacturing
*personal-care services * financial services
*tourism and leisure * training and education
*publishing and printing
2. If you have a hobby that you're passionate about, could you start a business around it? Would you? Why (not)?
3.According to some business experts, to be a start-up entrepreneur you need to have huge self-confidence. You also have to be willing to risk your capital and, to an extent, your career. Do you agree with this view? What other qualities might you need?
UNIT 3.
Text 1. Read and translate the text consulting the dictionary if necessary. Then summarize in 8-10 sentences.
ECO-INNOVATION
Eco-innovation is the development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development, applying the commercial application of knowledge to elicit direct or indirect ecological improvements. This includes a range of related ideas, from environmentally friendly technological advances to socially acceptable innovative paths towards sustainability.
The idea of eco-innovation is fairly recent. One of the first appearances of the concept of eco-innovation in the literature is in the book by Claude Fussler and Peter James. Peter James defines eco-innovation as "new products and processes which provide customer and business value but significantly decrease environmental impacts"
Another position held is that this definition should be complemented: eco-innovations should also bring greater social and cultural acceptance. In this view, this "social pillar" added to James's definition is necessary because it determines learning and the effectiveness of eco-innovations.
The most common usage of the term "eco-innovation" is to refer to innovative products and processes that reduce environmental impacts. Leaders in many industries have been developing innovative technologies in order to work towards sustainability. However, these are not always practical, or enforced by policy and legislation.
Eco-innovation is closely linked to a variety of related concepts. It is often used interchangeably with "environmental innovation", and is also often linked with environmental technology, eco-efficiency, eco-design, environmental design, sustainable design, or sustainable innovation. While the term "environmental innovation" is used in similar contexts to "eco-innovation", the other terms are mostly used when referring to product or process design, and therefore focus more on the technological aspects of eco-innovation rather than the societal or political aspects.
This approach gives eco-innovations a social component, a status that is more than a new type of commodity, or a new sector, even though environmental technology and eco-innovation are associated with the emergence of new economic activities or even branches (e.g., waste treatment, recycling, etc.). This approach considers eco-innovation in terms of usage rather than merely in terms of product. The social pillar associated with eco-innovation introduces a governance component that makes eco-innovation a more integrated tool for sustainable development.
Ecovation is the process by which responsible capitalism aligns with ecological innovation to construct products which have a generative nature and are recyclable back into the environment for usage in other industries.
Ex.1.Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with words and phrases from the box below. Make any other necessary changes.
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