Ex. 12. Give the English equivalents.

1) Промышленная революция; 2) поставлять промышленные товары; 3) расширяющийся мировой рынок; 4) покупать пищевую продукцию; 5) обрабатывать сравнительно небольшое количество земли; 6) состояние земли; 7) рельеф, почва и климат; 8) пахотные земли, 9) пшеница, овес и сахарная свекла; 10) рыночное садоводство; 11) плодородная земля.

Ex. 13. Complete the sentences.

1. British farming _____. 2. British farmer producers varieties of products _____ and _____. 3. _____ to roads and markets plays a large part. 4._____ are usually found on the margins of mountain moorland where the sheep _____. 5. _____ is the major occupation of farmers in Lowland Britain. 6. Much of the east of England is _____. 7. The farmers sell _____. 8.Farmers keep _____ also and milk is often important. 9. _____, _____ and _____ exist only where there is a combination of favourable physical factors. 10. Where land is _____ farms are smaller.

Ex. 14. Match the words and translate the word combinations.

1) industrial	a) materials
2) home	b) occupation
3) raw	c) gardening
4) intensive	d) revolution
5) food	e) crops
6) major	f) farming
7) mountain	g) production
8) market	h) land
9) fruit	i) moorland
10) fertile	j) farming

Ex. 15. Answer the questions.

1. How did British farming change since the Second World War? 2. Why may British farming be termed intensive? 3. In which countries is extensive farming practised? 4. What contrasts in the type of farming are there between one part of Britain and the other? 5. Where are hill ship farms usually found? 6. What is the major occupation of farmers in Lowland Britain? 7. What crops do farmers sell? 8. What is the average size of farms in Britain?

Ex. 16. Choose the right word (according to the information of the text).

1. British farming is (extensive, intensive) in comparison with (extensive, intensive) farming in Canada. 2. The keeping of (pigs, cows) is the major occupation of farmers over a large part of (lowland, highland) Britain. 3. Much of the east of England is (ploughland, deserted). 4. Most of the farms are (small, medium). 5. Where land is (unfertile, fertile) farms tend to be smaller. 6. In East Anglia where the land is (drier, wetter) the farms are (bigger, smaller).

Ex. 17. Prove that.

1. British farming is intensive.

2. British farming has changed a lot since the Second World War.

3. Such specialised types of farming as market gardening and horticulture cannot exist throughout Britain.

Ex. 18. Fill in the table and tell about British farming.

1) Changes in farming
2) Farm animals
3) Main crops
4) Types of farms
5) Major occupation of farmers in different regions.

Unit 7

The Republic of Belarus

Topical Vocabulary

1) East European Plain – Восточноевропейская равнина;

2) to border on – граничить с;

3) flat – равнинный, плоский;

4) precipitation – осадки;

5) deciduous woods – лиственные леса;

6) coniferous woods – хвойные леса;

7) marshy lowlands – болотистые равнины;

8) hill – холм, возвышенность;

9) elevation – возвышенность, высота;

10) aurochs – зубры;

11) urban – городской;

12) peat – торф;

13) ferrous ore – железная руда;

14) raw materials – сырье;

15) petroleum – нефть;

16) combustible slates – горючие сланцы;

17) dolomite – доломит;

18) potassium salt – калийные соли;

19) halite – каменная соль;

21) refractory clay – огнеупорная глина;

22) cotton – хлопок;

23) legislative – законодательный;

24) executive – исполнительный;

25) judicial – юридический;

26) to vest – давать право;

27) court – суд;

28) to contribute – вносить вклад, способствовать.

Ex. 1. Read the text.

Text A

The Republic of Belarus

The Republic of Belarus is located in the centre of Europe, on the crossroads of trade ways between West and East, North and South, in the west of the East European Plain. The larger part of the territory of Belarus represents lowlands with heights rangingfrom 80 up to 345 meters above sea level. The republic's area is 207.600 square kilometres. It is just one fifth smaller than Great Britain in size, but it is larger than Denmark, Belgium and Greece taken together.

The country borders in the north and in the east on Russia, in the south-east on the Ukraine, in the west on Poland and in the north-west on Lithuania and Latvia. Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus.

The flat character of the territory the damp, moderate continental climate (the temperature in January averages – 9.4 degrees ˚C, and in July – +18 degrees ˚C), with annual precipitation of 550–700 mm (22–28 inches); numerous rivers and lakes, mixed deciduous and coniferous woods (40% of the territory of the republic are covered with woods) create favourable conditions for habitation of population, managing agriculture and building industrial enterprises.

Broad plains and marshy lowlands occupy nearly three quarters of the territory. They are called Belarusian Polesye.There are also some hills and elevations. They can be found in the northern and central parts of the country.

There are a lot of rivers and streams and more than 10,000 lakes in the republic. The largest rivers are the Dnieper, Western Dvina, Pripiat and Neman, while the largest lake is Narach.

Forests and bush cover more than a quarter of the area. The most famous is Belavezhskaya Puscha. Rare aurochses live there. They survived from glacial times.

The total population of the republic is about 10 million people. The basic ethnic groups are Belarusians, Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and others. More than 70% of the population is urban. The state languages are Belarusian and Russian, The most widespread languages of business use are Russian, English and German.

The Republic of Belarus consists of six regions with centres in the cities of Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilyov, which are further divided into 118 rural districts, 102 towns and over 24 thousand townships and villages. In the capital of the Republic of Belarus, the city of Minsk, there live 1.7 million people.

The mineral resources of the country are: peat, oil, underground fresh and mineral waters, building materials and ores, that can be used for the production of fertilisers. Those raw materials make up practically all of its mineral wealth. There are deposits of petroleum, combustible slates, coal and brown coal, ferrous and non-ferrous ore, dolomites, potassium salts and halites, phosphorites on the lands of the republic. The reserves of peat, fire-resistant and refractory clay, loam and sand for the manufacture of glass, various construction materials are great. There are also some mineral springs.

Agriculture, manufacturing industry and commerce are the most developed branches of the economy. Agriculture is the main occupation of the greater part of the population. It fully satisfies the need of the country for basic agricultural products, such as milk, meat, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and eggs.

The most developed branches of manufacturing industry are machine-building, instrument-making, radio-electronics, wood-working, oil-refining and a number of chemical, light, construction and food industries.

Belarus has to import oil, gas, coal, metal, chemicals and cotton. Together with grain, sugar, vegetable oil, fish products, citrics, tea, coffee and wine they are the main items of Belarusian imports.

Our country exports heavy lorries, tractors, motorcycles, bicycles, TV and radio-sets, data processing equipment and gas stoves, refrigerators and furniture, carpets and knitted goods, chemical fibres and fertilisers, agricultural products. Belarus has good trade relations with Russia, the Ukraine, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Poland. Close co-operation with countries of Europe, North America, Asia and Africa has allowed it to considerably increase its foreign trade. Today the production of Belarusian enterprises is also known in Latin America, Australia, New Zealand.

Belarus is a presidential republic. State power in the Republic of Belarus is formed and realized through three main branches – legislative, executive and judicial.

The highest executive power is vested in a President elected for a five-year term. The Parliament is a representative and legislative body of the Republic of Belarus. The executive power is performed by a Council of Ministers headed by a premier. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The judicial power in the republic is performed by courts.

International economic and cultural activity of Belarus today are becoming more and more intensive. It contributes to the world peace, friendship and co-operation among nations.

Ex. 2. Find the English equivalents for:

1) быть расположенным, 2) болотистые низменности; 3) умеренный климат; 3) смешанные хвойные и лиственные леса; 4) благоприятные условия для жизни населения; 5) обширные равнины; 6) занятия сельским хозяйством; 7) холмы и возвышенность; 8) многочисленные реки и озера; 9) городское население; 10) полезные ископаемые; 11) торф, нефть, железная руда; 12) уголь, известняк, огнеупорная глина, песок; 13) минеральные источники; 14) самая развитая отрасль экономики; 15) основные сельскохозяйственные продукты; 16) законодательная и исполнительная власть; 17) международная экономическая и культурная деятельность.