Грамматический комментарий

ТАБЛИЦА ВРЕМЁН ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
SIMPLE	to write to translate	1. I hardly ever write letters. 2. Alex often writes letters. 3. He usually translates business letters. 4. Do you translate letters? 5. Does he translate letters?	1. I wrote a letter to a friend yesterday. 2. When did you write to him? 3. When did he last write to you? 4. Why didn’t you write to him?	1. I think I’ll write to him one of these days. 2. He’ll probably write to me soon. 3. Just a moment! I’ll write it down.
CONTITUOUS	to be writing to be translating	1. What are you doing?” “I’m writing a letter.” 2. Alex is translating a letter, so he can’t talk to you just now. 3. Для выражения будущего действия. “What are you doing tonight?” “I’m going to the cinema.”	1. I was writing a letter when you came. 2. What were you doing when I came? 3. I wasn’t making any calls at five o’clock.	1. I’ll be waiting for you at exactly ten. 2. Will you be using your computer this afternoon?
PERFECT	to have written to have translated	1. I’ve just written a letter to a friend. 2. Has he answered your letter yet?	1.I’d (had) written all the letters when you came. 2. He said he’d (had) already translated all the letters.	употребляется сравнительно редко

Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

ТАБЛИЦА ВРЕМЁН СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

Образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и смыслового глагола в форме Participle II.

	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
SIMPLE	to be written to be translated	1. The mail isalways received after 10 o’clock. 2. New houses areusually built on the outskirts. 3. What is it made of ? 4. He’s often invited to parties.	1. America was discovered by Columbus. 2. I was asked to wait another week. 3. When were those houses built?	1. I think the answer will be received one of these days. 2. When will the work be finished? 3. The problem won’t be solved soon.
CONTITUOUS	to be being written to be being translated	1. The event’s being discussedeverywhere. 2.Are those houses still being built? 3. Why isn’t that lady being served?	1. The problem was still being discussed when the telephone rang. 2. Were those houses still being built when you visited the town last year?	не употребляется
PERFECT	to have been written to have been translated	1. The documents have just been signed. 2.Has the doctor been sent for? 3. The problem hasn’t been solved yet.	1. All the necessary documents had been prepared before the discussion started. 2.Had all the tickets been sold out when you came to the booking office?	1. The construction of the factory will have been completed by the time you arrive.

Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, направленное на лицо (предмет), которое обозначается существительным (или другой частью речи), являющимся в предложении подлежащим. Исполнитель же действия либо не указывается совсем, либо обозначается другим существительным с предлогом by, стоящим после сказуемого.

Глагол в страдательном залоге переводится на русский язык:

1) глаголом быть с краткой формой причастия страдательного залога;

2) глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся;

3) неопределённо-личной формой глагола (то есть глаголом в 3 лице множественного числа при отсутствии подлежащего);

4) глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия).

Пример: The case was considered last week (by the city court).

1. Дело было рассмотрено на прошлой неделе.

2. Дело рассматривалось на прошлой неделе.

3. Дело рассмотрели на прошлой неделе.

4. Дело рассмотрел суд на прошлой неделе.

(Дело было рассмотрено судом на прошлой неделе.)

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