Словообразование. Суффиксы глаголов

(Word-building. The suffixes of verbs)

Запомните следующие суффиксы глаголов:

En

hard – твердый to harden – твердеть

sharp – острый to sharpen – заострять

I) fy

pure – чистый to purify – очищать

glory – слава to glorify – прославлять

Ize

special – специальный to specialize – специализировать

neutral – нейтральный to neutralize – нейтрализовать.

E x e r c i s e s

I. Form Participle II from the following verbs:

to ask, to use, to build, to call, to found, to find, to condense, to reduce, to cool, to keep, to support, to award, to concern, to offer, to cut, to place, to encourage, to know, to develop, to limit, to direct, to move, to shape, to arrange, to hold, to give, to invite, to include, to design, to make, to present, to write, to derive, to reach, to take, to think, to obtain, to speak, to pay, to send.

II. Form:

a) Passive Indefinite Infinitive

to see - to be seen

to ask - to be asked

b) Passive Continuous Infinitive

to finish - to be being finished

to write - to be being written

c) Passive Perfect Infinitive

to shape - to have been shaped

to think - to have been thought

to discover, to influence, to base, to perform, to lay, to tell, to do, to give, to exami­ne, to arrange, to provide, to elaborate, to construct, to set, to study, to complete, to replace, to offer, to undertake, to understand, to put, to accept, to investigate, to recognise, to evaluate, to need, to suggest, to study, to discuss.

III. Identify the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. The first industrial revolution took place in England. 2. Efficiency is achieved by using efficient methods, devices and personnel organisations. 3. Automation was first applied to assembly line manufacturing. 4. We rarely use those substances in our re­search because they are not always available. 5. The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the use of automated programmable machines. 6. This pioneer study will involve a lot of difficulty. 7. After Dr. Robinson had finished that fundamental re­search he gave a complete account of the work. 8. All the things for the experiment are ready. 9. Single shaft turbine generators are being successfully constructed today. 10. The new method will come into use when suitable appliances and devices are pro­vided. 11. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was in­stalled. 12. Our professor is going to write a paper on the subject of powdered metals. 13. These two principles have been accepted without question by later writers on the subject. 14. The laboratory assistant has described the procedure in detail. 15. A plasma may be completely ionized in which state all the molecules are devided into ions and electrons.

IV. Make the sentences a) interrogative; b) negative.

1. Sound was amplified by a loudspeaker. 2. We shall be given new equipment. 3. The experiment had been completed by the end of the last year. 4. The lecture was being listened to with great attention. 5. Plastics are used in engineering. 6. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 7. This process is known as smelting. 8. The metal is heated to a high temperature. 9. Some new devices are being demonstrated now. 10. New models of computers will be suggested.

V. Put the following sentences in a) Past Indefinite Passive; b) Future Indefinite Passive. Add the necessary adverbial modifiers.

1. The engineers are given interesting problems for solving. 2. Automatic tools are used by the operator. З. He is allowed to use a computer. 4. Metals are flowed out into special containers. 5. The experiments with new devices are carried out. 6. Metal is processed in various ways. 7. Any new design of a solar power station is discussed. 8. The prob­lem of computer development is considered by the scientists. 9. The efficiency of this device is increased. 10. The particles of nuclei are studied.

VI. Complete the following sentences using the words given below.

1. The machine is installed 2. New devices are developed

was installed will be developed

has been installed are being developed

will be installed have been developed

is being installed will have been developed

3. The losses have been calculated 4. Computers were being applied

will be calculated are applied

are calculated have been applied

are being calculated had been applied

had been calculated are being applied

5. Superalloys will be shaped

are shaped

are being shaped

were shaped

have been shaped

yesterday, at this time, tomorrow, in some days, usually, as a rule. often, already, a week ago, just, by the next month, not yet, by this time yesterday, last year, since this week, next year, never, always, from 2 to 5 o'clock yesterday.

VII. Make these sentences passive. Mind the preposition by.

Model: The sun heats the air.

The air is heated by the sun.

1. Scientists will make new discoveries. 2. Magnetic field doesn’t affect the neutron. 3. For a year specialists were studying German experience in chemical industry. 4. They will be doing this work all the day tomorrow. 5. In my research work I’ll have already concerned with semiconductors. 6. Newton advanced the corpuscular theory of light. 7. The wave can explain the interference of light. 8. He had never thought of the possible errors before he made them. 9. They are supporting these two theories. 10. You should have read this paper by the morning session.

VIII. Make these sentences active.

Model: The article was discussed by the students.

The students discussed the article.

1. This discovery is much spoken about by the scientists. 2. My report will be discussed by the students next Monday. 3. The tests have been performed by the inventor himself this day. 4. The experimental results were analyzed by Professor Boston. 5. Radioactivity was being investigated by the Curies for many years. 6. The presence of radiation had been detected by the researcher before the experiment was over. 7. The seminar on Solid State Physics was held by Russia’s Academy of Science last year. 8. The new computer program is being examined by the group of engineers. 9. Solids are characterized by strength and elasticity. 10. These data will have been obtained by him by the end of the week.

IX. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. Information... by radio. (to transmit) 2. A new kind of invisible rays ... by Rontgen in 1895. (to discover) 3. The efficiency of this device... next year. (to increase) 4. The engineer... an interesting problem at the research institute, (to offer) 5. New machinery ... at the plant by the end of the month, (to install) 6. An unusual electric station... into operation now. (to put) 7. The explanation of this phenomenon... yet. (to give) 8. Yesterday the results of this experiment... by the presence of some impurities. (to prove) 9. This engineer... as an authority in optical electronics. (to look upon) 10. The quality of production ... already. (to increase) 11. Many methods of making and storing electric charges ... during the 18^th century. (to discover) 12 We ... just ... the tiniest mo­tor. (to show) 13. The discovery of the electrons ... by the discovery of the proton and neutron. (to follow) 14. After the engine... we could use it. (to repair) 15. What plan... when the professor entered the lecture hall? (to discuss) 16. The performance of the new computers ... tomorrow. (to demonstrate) 17. At present the sunlight... into elec­trical power by special solar panels. (to convert) 18. The robots ... now. (to develop)

X. Choose the Russian equivalents for each English sentence.

1. He was sent for a new equipment. 1. Он послал за новым оборудованием.

2. За новым оборудованием послали.

3.Его послали за новым оборудованием.

2. The scientists were offered 1. Ученые предложили новые проблемы

new problems for research. для исследования.

2. Новые проблемы будут предложены ученым для исследования.

3. Ученым предложили новые

проблемы для исследования.

3. The conductor is acted upon 1. Поле воздействует на проводник.

by the field. 2. Проводник воздействует на поле.

3. Проводник подвергался

воздействию поля.

4. We shall be reported of a new 1. Мы сообщим о новом открытии.

invention. 2. Нам сообщат о новом открытии.

3. Нам сообщили о новом открытии.

5. They are invited by the professor 1. Они приглашают профессора в свою

to his laboratory. лабораторию.

2. Профессор пригласит их в свою лабораторию.

3. Профессор приглашает их в свою лабораторию.

6. He can be asked to repair an engine. 1. Он попросил отремонтировать

двигатель.

2. Его попросили отремонтировать двигатель.

3. Его можно попросить отремонти­ровать двигатель.

7. University research is being 1. Научно-исследовательская работа в

suppor­ted by the Government now. университетах поддерживалась

правительством.

2. Научно-исследовательская работа в

университетах сейчас оказывает под­держку правительству.

3. Сейчас правительство оказывает поддержку научно-исследователь­ской работе в университетах.

8. His work has been spoken about 1. О его работе рассказывает

by Prof. Brain. профессор Брэйн.

2. Профессор Брэйн будет

рассказывать о его работе.

3. О его работе рассказал профессор Брэйн.

9. Dr. N had been answered that 1. Когда она пришла, доктор Н. уже

question when she came. от­ветил на этот вопрос.

2. Когда она пришла, доктору Н. уже ответили на этот вопрос.

3. Когда она пришла, отвечали на воп­рос доктора Н.

10. The invention of steam-engine 1. Изобретению парового двигателя

was followed by many other предшествовало много других

ones. изоб­ретений.

2. За изобретением парового двигателя последовало много других изобрете­ний.

3. За изобретением парового двигателя может последовать много других изобретений.

XI. Translate the sentences in the Passive Voice.

1. The temperature of water was raised by heating. 2. The motor must be repaired properly. 3. The experiments are being carried out in the shops of our plant. 4. The temperature has been maintained at the point of 20 degrees since the beginning of the experiment. 5. The first electric cell had been made by 1800. 6. Current electri­city was discovered in 1780 by Galvani. 7. Materials can be used according to their electrical properties. 8. New automatic driving systems are being used now. 9. The new apparatus has already been installed in the shop. 10. New models of computers will be suggested by designers. 11. A new computer was housed in this laboratory. 12. Transistors may be classified according to the number of elements. 13. The new theory of nuclear physics is often referred to. 14. What new devices are being demonstrated now? 15. The negative results had been obtained before modern equipment was installed. 16. The glass has been used to develop a new class of semiconductors. 17. Computers are being applied on great scale. 18. Helium had been discovered on the Sun before it was found on the Earth. 19. This device is being repaired at present. 20. The problem will be dealt with in the next report.

XII. Choose the English equivalents for the Russian sentences.

1. Студента просят провести опыт. 1.The student is asked to make an

experiment.

2. The student asks to make an experiment.

3. The student will be asked to make an ex­periment.

2. Нам показали новое устройство. 1. We demonstrated a new device.

2. We demonstrate a new device.

3. We were demonstrated a new device.

3. Программисту предлагают 1. The programmer will be offered

сос­тавить новую программу. to com­pile a new program.

2. The programmer is offered to compile a new program.

3. The programmer offers to compile a new program.

4. Им должны показать 1. They must be shown modern

современные компьютеры. computers.

2. They must show modern computers.

3. They are shown modem computers.

5. Сейчас докладчик ссылается 1. The speaker is being referred to by

на профессора Брауна. Professor Brown now.

2. Professor Brown is being referred to by the speaker now.

3. Professor Brown is referring to the speaker now.

6. О новом приборе будут 1. The new device will be much spoken

много говорить. about.

2. The new device has been much spoken about.

3. The new device is much spoken about.

7. Статическое электричество 1. Static electricity produced friction.

производится трением. 2. Static electricity produces friction.

3. Static electricity is produced by friction.

8. Это открытие было уже 1. This discovery has already been

про­комментировано в нескольких com­mented upon in several magazines.

журналах. 2. This discovery is commented upon in

several magazines.

3. This discovery was commented upon in several magazines.

9. Будет определен состав этого 1. The composition of this substance is

вещества. determined.

2. The composition of this substance will be determined.

3. The composition of this substance will have been determined.

10. ПрофессорСмит даст 1. Some instructions will be given to

инженерам ряд рекомендаций. the engineers by Professor Smith.

2. Some instructions will be given to Professor Smith by the engineers.

3. Some instructions are given to the en­gineers by Professor Smith.

XIII. Translate the sentences into English using the Passive Voice. Mind the word order.

1. Как правило, эксперименты проводят в лабораториях. 2. Первый паровой двигатель был построен в Англии в 1895 году. 3. Этот метод использовали много лет назад. 4. Сейчас большое внимание уделяется современному обо­рудованию научно-исследовательских институтов. 5. Первые электромобили уже введены в действие. 6. Новые модели компьютеров будут созданы к кон­цу века. 7. Электричество передается по проводам. 8. Попов изобрел радио. 9. Из какого металла изготовлена эта деталь? 10. На какую статью только что сослался докладчик?

XIV. a) Distribute the following verbs into 3 groups according to the suffixes. The first ones have been done for you:

En -fy -ize

blacken classify minimize

shorten, typify, brighten, darken, clarify, identify, justify, simplify, visualize, intensify, energize, stabilize, falsify, mechanize, realize, deepen, humanize, criticize, densify, economize.

b) Translate these verbs. In case of difficulty look them up in the dictionary.

Работа с текстом