Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм

Past Simple	Past Continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
V-ed/2*     + I/we/you/he/she/it/they waited I/we/you/he/she/it/they went     - I/we/you/he/she/it/they did not (didn’t) wait   I/we/you/he/she/it/they did not (didn’t) go ? Did I/we/ you/he/she/it/they wait? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. Did I/we/ you/he/she/it/they go? Yes, theydid. No, they didn’t.	was + V-ing were + I/he/she/it was waiting We/you/they were waiting     - I he/she/it was not (wasn’t) waiting We/you/they were not (weren’t) waiting     ? Was I/he/she/it waiting? Were I/we/you/they waiting? Yes, Iwas. No, I wasn’t. Yes, we were. No, we weren’t.	had + V-ed/3*     + I/we/you/he/she/it/they had reported I/we/you/he/she/it/they had written - I/we/you/he/she/it/they had not (hadn’t) reported I/we/you/he/she/it/they had not/hadn’t written     ? Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they reported ?Yes, I had. No, hadn’t. Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they written? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.	had + been + V-ing + I/we/you/he/she/it/they had been reporting     - I/we/you/he/she/it/they had not ( hadn’t) been reporting     ? Had I/we/you/he/she/it/they been reporting? Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.

Типи питальних речень

Past Simple	Past Continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
Last summer Jacob visited his friend in Florida. They had a very good time together.	It was early spring morning. Rachel was sitting in a pavement café and enjoying her first cup of strong coffee.	By the time Mathew arrived, the lecture hadalready started, and the professor had outlinedthe planof their work.	Rachel had been training for six months before she got a promotion.
Did Jacob visit his friend in winter? - No, he didn’t. Did they have a good time together? -Yes, they did.	Was Rachel sitting in her kitchen? - No, she wasn’t. Was she enjoying her first cup of coffee? -Yes, she was.	Had the lecture started when Mathew arrived? -Yes, it had. Had the lecturer explainedmany rulesby the time Mathew arrived?-No, he hadn’t.	Had Rachel been training forlong before she got a promotion? -Yes, she had. Had she been training for a year? -No, she hadn’t.
Did Jacob go to Florida or to Taxes? - He went to Florida.	Was she sitting in a café orin a restaurant? - She wassitting in a pavement café.	Had the professor explainedmany rulesoroutlinedthe planof their workby the time Mathew arrived? – He had outlinedthe planof their work	Had she been training for a year orfor six monthsbefore she got a promotion?- She had been training for six months.
Jacob visited his friend last summer, didn’t he? - Yes, he did. Jacob didn’t enjoy the company of his friend, did he? - Yes, he did.	Rachel was sitting in a pavement café, wasn’t she? - Yes, she was. She wasn’tenjoying her coffee, was she? –Yes, she was.	The lecturehadn’t started yet when Mathew arrived, had it? - Yes, it had. The professor had outlinedthe planof their workwhen Mathew arrived, hadn’the? - Yes, hehad.	Rachel had been training for six months before she got a promotion, hadn’t she?-Yes, she had. Rachel hadn’t been training for a year before she got a promotion, had she? – No, she hadn’t.
When did Jacob visit his friend? - He visited his friend last summer. WheredidJacob go on holiday last summer? - Jacob wentto Florida. Whowent to Florida last summer? - Jacob did.	WherewasRachelsitting? – She was sitting in a pavement café. Who was enjoyinga cup of strong coffee? - Rachelwas.	Whathad the professor explained/saidby the timeMathew came? – Hehad outlinedthe plan of their work. Whohad outlinedthe planof their workby the timeMathew came?– The professor had.	How long had Rachel been trainingbefore she got a promotion? – She had been training for six months. Whohadbeen training for six months? - Rachel had.

Випадки вживання минулих часів

Past Simple	Past Continuous	Past Perfect	Past Perfect Continuous
1. Дія, що відбулася в певний час в минулому. Час вказаний чи відомий з контексту. Yesterday I called Jason on the phone. We had a long talk. 2.Послідовні дії, які відбувались безпосередньо одна за одною в минулому. Helen went out, took a taxi and rushed to the office.   3.Звичні повторювані минулі дії. Last year they sent me an accountingevery month. Часто для вираження повторюваних дій або стану в минулому вживається usedto(раніше, бувало). Ron used to smoke heavily when he was at university. Now he doesn’t smoke at all. Nicole didn’t use to go out much until she met Paul. (Now she goes out very often.) Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastSimple: yesterday, last night/ week/ month/ year, three days/ weeks/ months ago, in 2002,How long ago ….?, When ….?, та ін.	1. Дія, яка тривала в певний час в минулому. Час початку чи закінчення дії невідомий, у контексті не вказано. What wereyoudoingin the office at 8 o’clock yesterday evening? We werestillconsidering new commercial offers. 2.Дія, яка тривала в той час, як інша дія її перервала. Cameron was talkingon the phone when Sheila came. While we were developinga new working model, the company decided to stop the project. 3. Дві чи більше дій, що тривали одночасно в певний час в минулому. While they were discussing the terms and conditions of the contract, the secretary was typing.   Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastContinuous: when, while, as, still, all morning/day /night,та ін.	1.Дія чи стан, які закінчились до іншої дії чи моменту в минулому. All the documents had been ready by 5’clock. I had already workedin marketing before I joined my present company. 2. Дія , яка завершилась в минулому та результати дії спостерігались теж в минулому.   3. Вконструкціях nosooner … than = hardly …when(ледве/не встиг …, як ….),які підкреслюють, що одна діявідбуласьвідразу, як тількивідбулась інша. Зазвичайутакихвипадкахвживаєтьсяінверсія. No soonerhad she reached the telephone than it stopped ringing. = She had no sooner reached the phone than it stopped ringing. Hardlyhad she hung up the phone when it rang again. = She had hardly hung up the phone when it rang again.   Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastPerfect: ever, never, just, already, before, after, till, until, when, by, by the time, hardly…when,no sooner … than, та ін.	1. Дія, яка тривала в минулому і почалась раніше іншої дії, вираженоївPastSimple, іяка тривала протягом певногоперіодучасу, нащовказують зазвичай такі слова, як ‘since’,‘for’таін. Alan had been lookingforanother job forabout a year before he finally found what he wanted. She had been cookingall day when Louis phoned her and said that they wouldn’t come. 2. Дія, яка тривала певний період часу в минулому та чиї результати спостерігались в минулому. It had been raininghard all night long. The roads were wet in the morning.   Слова, з якими часто вживаєтьсяPastPerfect: for, since, before, until, till, all night/ morning/ day (long),How long …?, Since when …?, та ін.

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