Text В FROM PRIMITIVE TO CLASS SOCIETY

All the tribesmen became warriors in war-time, but in time of peace they hunted, tamed and bred animals and tilled the soil. A tribe was governed by a council of elders. The council distributed hunting- and fishing-grounds and tillable lands among the family communities and settled all disputes. The elders acted in the interests of the whole tribe. They were obeyed and trusted by all. They called meetings of all the tribesmen to discuss the most important problems.

In the primitive society there was no private property; therefore, there pre no classes and no exploitation - that is, appropriation by the rich of the fruits of other men's labour. Since there were no classes there was no title system that is, no armed forces, no prisons, no courts, no overseers, nogovernment bodies.

In the last centuries B.C. and in the first centuries A.D. the Celts were ill ii period of transition from primitive communal society to class society. The elders, military leaders and their warriors made up the tribal nobility. They were beginning to seize much land for themselves and they had more cattle than the other members of the clan. But still the communal way of life predominated among them.

ExercisesMake up sentences with the following synonyms: soil - land soil - land rich - wealthy distribute - divide labour-job - work do - act last - past

problem — question significant — important

№8. Make up sentences with the following antonyms: rich - poor obey - disobey

primitive - complex important - unimportant war - peace live - die trust - distrust alive - dead

GRAMMAR

№ 9. Remember the forms of the verb "to be":

The verb to be
Tense	Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
Present Indefinite	I am he (she, it) is we (you, they) are	am I? is he (she, it)? are we (you, they)?	I am not he (she, it) is not we (you, they) are not
Past Indefinite	I (he, she, it) was we (you, they) were	was I (he, she, it)? were we (you, they)?	I (he, she, it) was not we (you, they) were not
Future Indefinite	I (we)shall be he (she, it, you, they) will be	shall I (we) be? will he (she, it, you, they) be?	I (we) shall not be he (she, it, you, they) will not be

№ 10. Put the proper form of "to be".

1. Economics (to be) an academic discipline.

2. The economy of France (to be) developed now.

3. "The Wealth of Nations" (to be) published in 1776.

4. Last year my brother (to be) in London.

5. Microeconomics (to be) one of the branches of Economics.

6. Next year these girls (to be) economists.

7. Since that time they (to be) rich and happy.

8. Now the resources in this area (to be) poor.

9. Our teacher (to be) here in a moment.

10. "Doctor, I hope it (to be) nothing serious", Jack asked his doctor.

11. Dr. Lee (to be) a good specialist in many branches of Economics.

12. Miss Likky's father (to be) fifty years old two years ago.

13. "Officer, tell me the way to the nearest post-office. I (to be) in a, hurry", James said.

14. Tomorrow I (to be) present at this conference

№11. Remember the functions of the verb "to be":

The verb "to be"
Functions	Examples
The Notional Verb	He is in New York. We were at the lecture on History.
An Auxiliary Verb	I am going to the Institute. He was asked a difficult question on Statistics.
A Link- Verb	They are students. The story was very interesting and useful.
A Modal Verb (an equivalent for the verb "must")	They are to arrive in time. The train was to come at 5 o'clock.