Z. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их

cause[ko:z] v заставлять; вызывать; force[fo:s] v заставлять, принуж-

влиять; причинять; л причина, дать; ускорять движение; л си-

основание; дело; общее дело; ла; усилие

'syn reason glacier['glaesjs] я ледник, глетчер

clay[klei] л глина; глинозем grain[grein] л зерно; angular grains
consolidate[ksn'solideit] v твердеть, угловатые зерна (минералов);

затвердевать, уплотнять(ся); grainedа зернистый

укреплять; syn solidify gravelf'grsevel] л гравий, крупный
crust[krAst] л кора; геол. земная песок

кора internal[m'ta:nl] а внутренний

decay[di'kei] v гнить, разлагаться; intrusive[m'trursiv] а интрузив-

л выветривание (пород); рас- ный, плутонический

пад, разложение iron[ 'aisn] л железо

derive[di 'raiv] v (from)происхо- layer[ 'leis(r)] л пласт

лить, вести свое происхожде- like[talk] а похожий, подобный;

ние (от); наследовать syn similar;ant nnUke;adv no-

destroy[di'stroi] v разрушать; унич- добно

тожать; destructiveа разруши- lime[laim] л известь; limestone л

тельный. известняк

dtsMhre[di'zalv] v растворять loose[lu:s] а несвязанный, свобод-
скри|[iks'pouz] v выходить (на ный; рыхлый

поверхность); обнажаться; ex- make up['meik 'лр] v составлять;

рмигел обнажение л состав (вещества)

extend[iks'ta:nl] а внешний particle['pa:Ukl] л частица; вклю-
extrusive(eks'tniisiv] а эффузив- чение

ный, излившийся(о горной peat[pi:t] л торф; торфяник

породе)represent[.repn'zent] v представ­
лять собою; означать; быть представителем; representative- глинистый сланец; combnst-

я представитель; representative ible~, oil~ горючий сланец

а характерный, типичный siltstone['siltstounj л алеврит

rock[role] л горная порода; igneous stratification[.straetifl'kei/an] л на-

~ изверженная порода; sedi-пластование, залегание

mentary- осадочная порода stratify[ 'strastifai] v напластовы-

sand[send] л песок ваться; отлагаться пластами;

sandstone['s«n(d)stoun] л песча- stratifiedа пластовый; syn lay-
ник; fine-grained (medium- ered, bedded
grained, coarse-grained) ~ мел- substance['sAbstans] л вещество,
козернистый (среднезернис- материал; сущность
тый, грубозернистый) песча- thickness['oiknis] л толщина,
ник мощность

sediment['sediment] л отложение; value['vaclju:] л ценность; важность;

осадочная порода; sedimentaryвеличина; значение; valuablea

а осадочный; sedimentationл ценный (о руде)

образование осадочных пород vary[ 'vesrl] v изменяться); отли-

schist[Jlst] л (кристаллический) чать(ся); syn differ, change
сланец; schistoseа сланцева- (from); variable['vesrubl] а пе­
тый, слоистый ременный; непостоянный; vari-

shale(Jeil) л сланец, сланцевая гли- ous а различный; syn different
на, глинистый сланец; clay

3. а) Переведите слом с префиксом т-:

unconsolidated, uncemented, unusual, undeformed, unsatisfac­tory, unnecessary, unlike

б) Переведите предложения:

1. The results of the experiments were unsatisfactory.

2. Gravel, sand and clay are unconsolidated mechanical sedi­
ments.

3. They are called so because they are composed of loose
uncemented particles.

4. The geologists found the old structures which were unusual
and undeformed.

4. Переведите следующие слота с префиксомprt-:
pre-existing, pre-glacial, pre-historic, pre-Cambrian, pre-capitalist

5. Определите значения like:

1. The rm'ner we met at the colliery has three sons. His elder
son is taking a course at a mining technical school. Likehis father he
is going to become a miner. He looks likehis father. He likeshis
future speciality.

2. Likesand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, me­
dium-grained and coarse-grained.

6. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведитене

valuable minerals various discoveries

the accumulation of sediments the Earth's crust

the destructive action of water pre-existing rocks

available resources the internal structure of racks

consolidated and unconsolidated firmly cemented particle*

sediments fire damp

successful prospecting mineral substances

exposed rocks surface exposure

organic decay loose sediments

solidified rocks igneous rocks

stratified deposits sedimentary rocks

7. Определите значения выделенных слов по схмстиу ни арией с
корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

three main groupsof rocks, the most important cftnvactaristicof sediments, the destructive mechanicalaction of water, die aecamu-lationof materials,the usual cementingsubstance, tfae decay of organisms, organicsediments, mineraloil, large practical value

8. Прочитайте текст А. Перечислите основные смевйн •••вэвшня
осадочных пород.

ТЕКСТ А Sedimentary Rocks

The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been de­rived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earth_f Most sedimentary rods have origi­nated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stntification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks j It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us.

Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms.

Fig. 1 shows relative abundance¹ of sedimentary rocks and igne­ous rocks. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth's crust is made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. 11n contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 right)-:

Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth's surface.

Fig. 1. Relative abundance of sedimentary and igneous rocks

The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind.

Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsoli­dated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce-mented particles (grains).

On the Earth's surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sand­stones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained.

On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of depos­its or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive

92______________________________________________ Unit 4

chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral sub­stances that are dissolved in water.

Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.² They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments.

The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomer­ate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gyp­sum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal.

As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. relative abundance— относительная распространенность (минералов в

земной коре)

2. plant relics (plant remains)— растительные остатки

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main
groups.

2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing
rocks.

3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified.

4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers.

5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks.

6. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation
of materials caused by the destructive mechanical action of water.

7. Sandstones are consolidated rocks.

8. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments.

9. Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical
action of water.

10. Peat and coal are the organic sediments which иге of great
practical value.

11. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimenta­
tion period and clay was formed later.

Unit 4______________________________________________ 93

10. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What main groups of rocks do you know?

2. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing
rocks?

3. How were igneous rocks formed?

4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?

5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sedi­
ments?

6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's
crust?

7. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about
sand and clay?

What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be
used as a cementing substance?

8. Are there only fine-grained sandstones?

10. What can you say about chemical sediments?

11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they
formed?