Ex. IV. Complete each sentence with a perfect infinitive

Example:I am really fortunate to have been invited to so many international conferences.

1. The candidate for mayor said, “I am pleased to be your guest speaker. I am also pleased ______ so many letters from you throughout a year (receive).”

2. The rock star seems to be popular now, but he seems ______ even more popular two years ago (be).

3. As we get older, the past seems to be clearer than the present; similarly, as the writer Somerset Maugham once said, the past is never what it was but what it seems ______ (be).

4. Look at this suit I bought. I am always surprised to find anything at a reasonable price, but in this case I am surprised ______ something I really like (find).

5. It may be possible to do this homework in an hour, but it was impossible for that homework ______ so quickly (do).

6. He is glad to take part in the conference (invite).

Ex. V. Translate into English using infinitives:

1.Щоб зняти номер у цьому готелі, треба замовити його заздалегідь. 2.Щоб достатися до аеропорту вчасно, вони змушені були вийти з дому дуже рано. 3.З ним неможливо говорити. 4.Вона прийшла, щоб підбадьорити його. 5.Щоб отримати всі необхідні дані, вони працювали дуже багато. 6.Це так люб’язно з Вашого боку, що Ви ставилися до ньго так уважно. 7.Вона не любить запрошувати гостей до себе і не хоче, щоб запрошували її. 8.Ми аплодуємо в театрі, щоб виразити своє захоплення. 9.Недостатня кількість тестів зробила неможливим отримання надійних результатів. 10. Ми вирішили не відновлювати контракт з цим постачальником. 11. Його доповідь змусила нас переглянути наші прогнози. 12. Вона тільки й робить, що сидить за комп‘ютером з ранку до ночі. 13. “Я радий, що побачився з Вами”, - сказав він. 14. Я щасливий, що у мене було стільки можливостей подорожувати по всьому світу. 15. Було приємно знову сидіти за кермом машини.

Oral practice: Some Glimpses on the Ukrainian History

Ex. I. You are telling your foreign friend about some major events in the history of Ukraine. What will you choose to speak about?

Ex. II. Read the following text:

In the 1^st millennium B.C., Ukraine’s Black Sea coast and the Crimean Peninsula became an outpost of Greek, and later Roman and Byzantine, civilization. The steppe, by contrast, was for centuries the domain of tribes arriving from Central Asia. In the 6^th century A.D., East Slavic tribes settled the interior.

In the 9^th century the first historic state in Ukraine territory rose around the city of Kyiv. The name Rus', by which the Kyivan state came to be known, was at first applied to the environs of Kyiv and later to the territory ruled by members of the Kyivan dynasty. In 988, Vladimir I introduced Christianity as the official religion, and under his successors a new Christian culture developed.

In the 12^th and 13^th centuries Kyivan Rus’ was in decline as a result of shifting trade routes and separatist tendencies among its various principalities. The final blow to Kyiv was the Mongol invasion of the mid-13^th century. But already the focus of power had shifted to the Galician-Volynian principality (in present western Ukraine), which became the main heir to the Kyivan legacy.

In the 14^th century Galicia fell under the rule of Poland, and most of the rest of Ukraine came under Lithuania. In 1569, when Lithuania formed a political union with Poland, almost all Ukrainian lands were transferred to the direct jurisdiction of the Polish crown. In 1596 a majority of the Orthodox bishops in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth accepted union with Rome. The strongest opponents of the new Uniate church were the Cossacks, who had developed into a powerful military force on Ukraine’s steppe frontier and resisted Polish attempts to bring them under control.

The rising tensions resulted in a vast Cossack insurrection under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi in 1648, which was joined by the peasantry in revolt against serfdom. Initial success encouraged Khmelnytskyi to begin the formation of a Ukrainian Cossack state independent of Poland. However, according to the agreement with Moscow in 1667 Ukraine was partitioned between Muscovy and Poland. For a time Russian Ukraine enjoyed self-rule under its hetman (prince). Ukrainian autonomy was abolished by Catherine II in the 1760s. In the late 18^th century the Russian Empire absorbed the remainder of Ukraine in the partitions of Poland, except for Galicia, which was annexed by Austria. At the same time Russia’s conquest of the Crimea opened the southern steppes and the Black Sea coast to Ukrainian settlement.

After the collapse of both the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, the two Ukrainian regions were briefly reunited in an independent state. In 1921, however, Galicia and Volyn’ were occupied by Poland, while smaller areas in the west were annexed by Romania and Czechoslovakia, respectively. Eastern Ukraine became the Ukrainian SSR. World War II brought massive destruction and further loss of life as Ukraine became the main battlefield between the USSR and Nazi Germany. The transfer of the Crimea from Russia to Ukraine in 1954 completed the present configuration.

Active Words and Phrases: