Понятие и виды логистических операций

Экзаменационный билет № 1

Логистика: история, понятия, новизна, специфика
Классификация предприятий с точки зрения логистики

3.Понятие и виды логистических операций

1.Логистика: истиория, понтия, новизна, специфика

Nowadays there are several definitions of the term "LOGISTICS". If to consider in aggregate logistics concern circle of problems as questions of management of material and corresponding them informational, financial and other streams. A number of definitions consider logistics as a science: "The logistics is a science about management and optimization of material streams, streams of services, and informational and financial streams related with them in a certain micro- meso - or macroeconomic system for achievement of the purposes put before it". Other group of definitions treats logistics as an economic activity:

"The logistics is the integrated instrument of management promoting achievement of the strategic, tactical or operative objectives of the organization of business at the expense of effective from the point of view of decrease in the general expenses and satisfaction of users to quality of products and services of management of material and (or) service streams, and also flows of information and financial means accompanying them ".

In 1991 Council of Logistics Management of the USA developed a new definition of the term:

"The logistics is a process of planning and providing (including control) effective and continuous receipt of the goods, services and accompanying information to the consumer directed on all-round satisfaction of consumer inquiries". This definition doesn't cover all special concepts which enter into functional sphere of logistics, it reflects the need for uniform management of commodity and material streams from a source of raw materials to the point of distribution of a finished product.

The logistics is a science about planning, control and management of transportation, warehousing and other logistic operations which are done in the processing of raw materials to manufacturing enterprise, intra production processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, supply of goods to the consumer according to his interests and requirements, and also transfers, storages and processings of the relevant information.

The Specifics of logistics concludes in:

allocation of uniform function of management before the separated material streams:

integration of separate links of a logistic chain into the uniform system providing effective management of through material streams.

2. Классификация предприятий с точки зрения логистики

Classification of the enterprises from the point of view of logistics.

At many enterprises in the conditions of the rigid competition companies aspire to reduce the costs of production. High-quality, complete and timely production is actually the purpose of production logistics. But how this purpose is reached? Standard method is reduction of a production cycle and the maximum decrease in expenses for production.

In this regard it would be desirable to note that the production logistics initially represents exact following to the economic contract therefore there is a possibility of high-quality complete and timely production. Regular updating of the equipment and professional development of the working personnel also should be carried to modern strategy of development of the enterprises.

"to make or buy" problem consists in acceptance of one of two alternative decisions - to do completing product (if it in principle is possible) or to buy from other producer.

Regardless of a situation in environment, the factors causing refusal of own production can act on the enterprises. The decision in favor of purchases of accessories and respectively against own production should be accepted in case:

- need for a completing product not so big;

- absence of necessary things for production of accessories of capacity;

- there are no employee personnel of necessary qualification.

The decision against purchases and in favor of own production is accepted in that case, when:

- the need for completing products is stable and rather demanded;

- the completing product can be made on the available equipment.

After the task "to do or buy" is decided and the enterprise defined, what raw materials and what materials are necessary for buying; they solve a problem of a choice of the supplier. Let's list and characterize the main stages of the solution of this task.

1. Search of potential suppliers. The following methods can be used:

- competition announcement;

- studying of advertising materials: firm catalogs, announcements in mass media, etc.;

- visit of exhibitions and fairs;

- correspondence and personal contacts with possible suppliers.

The list of potential supplierswhich is constantly updated and supplemented is formed as a result of the mentioned actions.

Понятие и виды логистических операций

Logistical operations

As it was marked, the material stream is formed as a result of set of certain actions with material objects. These actions are named logistical operations. However the concept of logistical operation isn't limited with actions of only material streams. For management of material stream it is necessary to accept, process and hand over the information corresponding to this stream. Carried out actions also concern to logistical operations.

Technological operations on manufacture of material benefits, i.e. operations in which course there is a qualitative transformation of an object of the labor: wood cabin, longitudinal furniture details, their furnishing and final assemblage of a desk.

Logistical operations to which it is necessary to carry all other operations providing presence of the necessary subject or a product of work in necessary quantity, in a proper place, in due time. We will list some of them: export and an alloy of logs from places of timber cuttings, their delivery to the enterprise of the woodworking industry, loading, unloading, packing to storage, transporting to industrial factories, and export of ready semi-finished products to the end user.

Logistical operations with a material stream include loading, transportation, unloading, a complete set, warehousing, packing and other operations. Logistical operations with information stream are gathering, processing and transferof informationcorresponding to a material stream. It is necessary to notice that costs on performance of logistical operations with information streams make essential part of logistical costs.

Экзаменационный билет № 2

Области применения логистики
Критерии качества логистического сервиса
Понятие и виды логистических систем

1.Области применения логистики

Logistics application in spheres of production and treatment allows:

- to lower stocks on all ways of movement of a material stream;

- to reduce the time of passing of the goods through a logistic chain;

- to cut transportation costs;

- to cut expenses on storage or to abolish them;

- to cut down expenses of manual skills and the corresponding expenses on operations with cargo.

2.Критерии качества логитического сервиса

Level of logistic service. Criteria of quality of logistic service.

For an assessment of quality of logistic service are used the following criteria:

♦ reliability of delivery;

♦ total time from obtaining the order to delivery ofgoods consignment;

♦ flexibility of delivery;

♦ existence of stocks in a warehouse of the supplier;

♦ possibility of granting credits, and others.

Let's characterize the first of three called criteria.

Reliability of delivery — is ability of the supplier to observe the terms of delivery caused by the contract in the established limits. Reliability of delivery is defined by reliability of observance of performance terms of separate types of works which are included by delivery process.

The essential factor influencing on reliability of delivery is existence of the obligations (guarantees) provided by the contract owing to which the supplier bears responsibility in case of violation of terms of delivery.

Total time from obtaining the order to delivery of a consignment of goods includes:

♦ time of registration of the order;

♦ manufacturing time (this time is added to delivery term ,ordered goods at first should be prepared);

♦ packing time;

♦ time of shipment,

♦ delivery time.

Observance of the term of delivery specified in the contract depends on how precisely maintained the components listed above. For example, it can happen that the received order will lie without movement. The planned terms of manufacturing of the goods or the terms of transportation declared by the forwarding agent can not be observed.

Flexibility of delivery — means ability of delivering system to consider special provisions (or wishes) of clients. It carries:

♦ possibility of change of a form of the order;

♦ possibility of change of a way of transfer of the order;

♦ possibility of change of a type of container and packing;

♦ possibility of a response of the demand for delivery;

♦ possibility of receiving by the client of information on a condition of its order;

♦ the relation to complaints at incomplete deliveries.

3.Понятие и виды логистических систем

The concept of the logistic system. Types of logistic systems.