The Bank and the Money Supply 4 страница

such as – такой как

as … as – такой же … как

as … as possible – как можно …

not so … as – не такой … как

as to – что касается

the same as – такой же как

Задание 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода сравнительной и превосходной степеней прилагательных:

1. At low prices the demanded quantity is higher.

2. Profits are the highest at the output level at which marginal cost is equal to the marginal revenue.

3. Mrs Burke was much younger and more good-looking than my mother.

4. We had the loveliest day. Father and the boys fished, the girls met quite a lot of peo­ple.

5. Mother said it had been the most wonderful day in her life.

6. William Shakespeare, the greatest and most famous of English writers, was born in Stratford-on-Avon.

7. Lawrence Washington, George's eldest brother, had married a Miss Fairfax, whose father lived in Virginia and was a relative of Lord Fairfax, a rich land owner of the col­ony.

8. A few years later the American colonies had a war with England.

9. The farther north we go, the hotter it gets. In bad times, and in the driest parts, many animals may die for want of water.

10. New York is the largest city in the United States and one of the largest cities in the world.

11. Wall Street in Manhattan is the most important banking centre in the world.

12. You can see the newest plays and shows on Broadway.

13. The oldest place-names in the United States are, of course, Indian.

14. One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes.

15. "Yes, Mr. Weston" or "No, Mrs. Baker" is more common in a similar situation in the North or West.

16. I would say that London offers the widest range of ethnic cuisine in the world; some are better than others, and you can eat extremely well here.

17. Beethoven was opening up what he called a "new path", a more expressive and dramatic musical language, richer in emotion and deeper in thought than the other music of his time.

18. During the last period, Beethoven's break with the past was sharper than ever.

19. For each level of output, the marginal costs are lower as the input price decreases

III. Глагол-сказуемое в действительном залоге описывает действие, выполняемое подлежащим. Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге описывает действие, выполняемое над подлежащим. Общая формула образования страдательного залога выражается формулой to be + V₃ подстановка которой в формулы образования видовременных форм английского глагола (см. вышеприведенную таблицу) позволяет определить формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени для каждого конкретного случая. Таким образом, для образования страдательного залога настоящего простого времени мы используем формулу am/ is/ are + V₃, страдательного залога настоящего продолженного времени – am/ is/ are being + V₃, страдательного залога настоящего завершенного времени – have/ has been + V₃, страдательного залога прошедшего простого времени – was/ were + V₃, страдательного залога прошедшего продолженного времени – was/ were being + V₃, страдательного залога прошедшего завершенного времени – had been + V₃, страдательного залога будущего простого времени – shall/ will be + V₃, страдательного залога будущего завершенного – shall/ will have been + V₃. Заметим, что грамматическим изменениям подвергается лишь вспомогательный глагол to be, в то время как смысловой глагол всегда остается в третьей форме.

Рассмотрим видовременные формы глагола to buy:

Present Simple Passive – am/ is/ are bought

Present Progressive Passive – am/ is/ are being bought

Present Perfect Passive – have/ has been bought

Past Simple Passive – was/ were bought

Past Progressive Passive – was/ were being bought

Past Perfect Passive – had been bought

Future Simple Passive – shall/ will be bought

Future Perfect Passive – shall/ will have been bought

Задание 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, указав, в какой видовременной форме употреблен глагол-сказуемое анализируемого предложения:

1. Production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

2. Resource allocation decisions are being made every day in every city.

3. Goods are produced on farms or in factories. Goods of the both groups are consumed by the people who buy them.

4. Much coffee was bought by the Brazilian government from farmers for export.

5. The ideas of Adam Smith have been studied by economists for over two hundred years.

6. A high level of production will be achieved if we allocate enough resources to agriculture.

7. The ideas of Karl Marx had been studied and discussed by economists for over sixty years before Russians put them in practice.

8. Goods and services for the army will have been ordered by the government by the end of the year.

9. The prices and levels of consumption of different goods and services were being monitored by the economists for several years.

10. Economic activity is regulated by the government through restrictions and regulations.

1. The increase in the number of people in the world is followed at present by an increase in per capita consumption.

12. A government planning office decides what will be produced, how it will be produced, and for whom it will be produced.

Практическое занятие № 4.

План

I. Чтение и перевод текста «Demand and Supply».

II. Презентация темы «My Family and Me».

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст на русский язык, учитывая особенности перевода причастий, степеней сравнения прилагательных и видовременных форм глагола в страдательном залоге:

Demand and Supply

Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price1. Other things equal, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.

Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.

The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.

There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.

An increase in the price of a substitute good (or a decrease in the price of a complement good) will at the same time raise the demanded quantity.

As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good will also increase but demand for an inferior good will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.

As to supply, some factors are assumed as constant. Among them are technology, the input price, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity of a good as a reduction in input prices.

Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.

II. Студентам предоставляется возможность рассказать о себе и своей семье на английском языке (за основание берется примерный текст рассказа, предложенный на втором занятии).

Практическое занятие № 5.

План

I. Рассмотрение специфики значений и особенностей перевода модальных глаголов. Практика перевода английского глагола, выражающего отношение к действию.

II. Количественные и порядковые числительные. Особенности прочтения дат, простых и десятичных дробей.

III. Составление темы «Economic Systems».

I. Модальные глаголы характеризуются следующими основными особенностями:

1) не называют действие, а выражают отношение к действию;

2) представляют группу «дефективных» глаголов, т.к. не образуют формы прошедшего, будущего времени и формы страдательного залога;

3) не образуют неличные формы (инфинитив, причастие, герундий);

4) последующий глагол употребляется без частицы to;

5) в 3-м лице, единственного числа времени Present Simple не добавляют окончание -(e)s;

6) вопросительную и отрицательную формы образуют без помощи вспомогательного глагола.

Рассмотрим каждый глагол отдельно. Глагол can употребляется при необходимости обозначить: 1) физические и умственные способности: He can read English. – Он умеет читать по-английски. Can you swim? – Ты умеешь плавать? She cannot walk quickly, she is too young. – Она не умеет быстро ходить, она еще слишком маленькая. 2) реальную возможность: The factory can produce 200 fridges this year. – Фабрика может произвести 200 холодильников в этом году.

Глагол can имеет форму прошедшего времени could: I could speak Chinese when I was a child and lived with my parents in China. – Я умел говорить по-китайски, будучи ребенком, в то время мы жили с родителями в Китае. Глагол can имеет заместитель be able to для образования форм будущего времени: She will be able to pass the exam in two days. – Она сможет сдать экзамен через два дня.

Глагол may употребляется при необходимости указать на: 1) разрешение производить действие: May I come in? – Можно войти? You may use my text-book. – Можешь воспользоваться моим учебником. 2) предполагаемую возможность действия: He may come. – Возможно, он придет.

Глагол may форму прошедшего времени might: She might translate the text yesterday using my text-book and dictionary. – Она могла перевести текст вчера, воспользовавшись моим учебником и словарем. Глагол may имеет заместитель be allowed to для образования форм будущего времени: They won’t be allowed to enter the restaurant as they are not properly dressed. – Им не позволят войти в ресторан, так как они не одеты соответственным образом.

Глагол must употребляется в случае, когда говорящий: 1) осознает свой долг, необходимость выполнения действия: I must help my friends. – Я должен помочь моим друзьям. 2) отдает приказ, распоряжение: You must do exercise 27 at home. – Вы должны выполнить дома 27 упражнение.

Глагол have to представляет исключение среди модальных глаголов, т.к. может образовывать различные формы настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времен, а также неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие, герундий); следующий за ним в предложении глагол употребляется с частицей to; в 3-м лице, единственного числа времени Present Simple глагол have to имеет окончание -s; вопросительную и отрицательную формы образует с помощью вспомогательного глагола соответствующего грамматического времени.

Глагол have to употребляется в случае, когда говорящий желает подчеркнуть отсутствие желания выполнять действие: субъект предложения вынужден что-либо делать в связи со сложившимися обстоятельствами. I have to go to that conference: everybody else is ill, so I will be the only representative of our project. – Мне придется поехать на эту конференцию, все заболели, и я буду единственным представителем нашего проекта.

Глагол be to употребляется при необходимости подчеркнуть существующую договоренность по поводу выполняемого действия, наличие плана, в соответствии с которым действие будет осуществлено. I am to meet Mrs. Burke at the station. – Я должен встретить миссис Берк на станции. The factory is to produce 200 fridges this year. – Фабрика должна произвести 200 холодильников в этом году.

Глагол should употребляется в случае, когда говорящий желает дать совет, высказать рекомендацию по поводу действия: You should go and see this movie. – Тебе следует пойти и посмотреть этот фильм.

Глагол ought to употребляется при необходимости обозначить: 1) нравственные, моральные нормы, принятые в обществе: Children must help their parents. – Дети должны помогать своим родителям. 2) то, что логично и правильно сделать в данной ситуации: You have a toothache, you ought to go to the dentist. – У тебя болит зуб, ты должен пойти к зубному.

Глагол need употребляется при необходимости подчеркнуть необходимость выполнения действия: We need to buy extra food as we have more guests coming. – Нам нужно купить еще еды, так как подъедут еще гости.

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на значения модальных глаголов:

1. Government regulations should be in the interests of society.
2. The buyers have to reconcile what they want to do and what the market will allow them to do.
3. We ought to answer the question what should be done now to prepare managers on whom we'll be able to rely in the year 2010.
4. A foreign company in Great Britain must give certain information about itself to the government offices. It must also write its name and country of registration on all its documents.
5. The consumer has to solve the problem of choice.
6. The producer should make a decision how to reduce inputs.
7. Not all partners in a firm must take an active part in management.
8. He ought to take a more active part in decision making on the exports strategy of the company.
9. The consumer is to maintain a given level of utility.
10. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) member countries are to sell oil at the agreed price.
11. Governments, through their control of the quantity of money in the economy, can influence business activity.
12. As the price of one good rises, the consumer has to buy another good, whose price has not risen.
13. The limited supply of energy in some sectors of the US economy is to lead to changes in the economic situation as a whole.
14. Making a decision, the economist should rely on all the information that he can find.
15. You ought to have the firm re-registered as soon as possible or you may have trouble.
16. If the consumer wants to maintain a constant maximum utility and at the same time obtain more of a good, he should decide the consumption of which other good has to be reduced.
17. Budget constraint means that your expenditures for all the goods con­sumed must be equal to your income.
18. Opportunity costs should be counted for labour and financial capital used.
19. As to price ceilings, without government regulation and organization they may lead to "black market" as well as other social and economic problems.
20. Complement goods are those goods which you cannot use one without the other, such as cars and petrol. As the price for petrol rises, the demand for cars reduces.
21. Only when demand equals supply, people can buy or sell as much as they want.

II. Количественные и порядковые числительные приведены в Приложении № 3. При прочтении простых дробей в числителе произносится количественное числительное, а в знаменателе – порядковое: 1/ 4 – one-fourth. Если числитель больше 1, то количественное числительное в знаменателе произносится во множественном числе: 2/ 3 – two-thirds. В английских текстах в десятичных дробях после целых чисел ставится точка, которая произносится point: 1.53 – one point fifty three. До 2000 года при прочтении даты читаются как одно число две первые цифры, и две последние: 1872 – eighteen seventy-two. Начиная с 2000 года мы читаем: 2009 – two thousand nine.

Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на числительные и правильное произнесение дат:

1. My birthday is on the 23 of April.
2. In the early 1950s people ate less than in 1970s.
3. The meeting took place on 17 of June, 1987.
4. The 3.8 billion people lived in the world in the early 1970s.
5. We shall celebrate our anniversary on the 1 of December.
6. The production of the shoe factory increased by 1.7%.
7. This year the quantity of the computers sold decreased by 2/ 5.
8. We should prepare managers now on whom we shall be able to rely in 2010.

III. Основываясь на материале текста «Market and Command Economies» составьте тему «Economic Systems», определив экономику как науку, обозначив основную задачу данной науки и основной инструмент координирования цен.

Примерный вариант рассказа о трех вариантах организации экономических систем:

Economics is a science that analyzes what, how and for whom society produces. The central economic problem is to reconcile people’s unlimited demands with society’s ability to produce goods and services. Market is the process by which production and consumption are coordinated through prices.

In a command economy government planning office makes decisions on what, how and for whom to produce. Resources are allocated by central government planning. Free market economies have no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets. Mixed economies rely mainly on market but with a large doze of government regulation.

Практическое занятие № 6.

План

I. Чтение и перевод текста «Theory of Demand».

II. Составление темы «Theory of Demand».

III. Бессоюзное присоединение определительных придаточных предложений. Особенности первода.

IV. Презентация темы «Economic Systems».

I. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст на русский язык, учитывая особенности перевода модальных глаголов:

Theory of Demand

Consumer demand is the quantities of a particular good that an individual consumer wants and is able to buy as the price varies, if all other factors influencing demand are constant.

That is, consumer demand is the relationship between the quantity demanded for the good and its price. The factors assumed constant are prices of other goods, income, and a number of noneconomic factors, such as social, physiological, demographic characteristics of the consumer in question (о котором идет речь).

The theory of demand is based on the assumption that the consumer having budget constraint seeks to reach the maximum possible level of utility, that is, to maximize utility, but he usually prefers to obtain more rather than less. The consumer has to solve the problem of choice. Provided he is to maintain a given level of utility, increases in the quantity of one good must be followed by reductions in the quantity of the other good. The consumer has to choose the specific goods within the limits imposed by his budget.

The concept of marginal utility is of great importance for solving the utility maximization problem. The marginal utility of a good is the additional utility obtained from consuming an additional unit of the good in question. The marginal utility from consuming a good decreases as more of that good is consumed. The income should be allocated among all possible choices so that the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure on each good is equal to the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure on every other good.

A price increase will result in a reduction in the quantity demanded. This relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and its price is called the law of demand. As the marginal utility from each additional unit of the good consumed decreases, the consumer will want to buy more of this good only if its price is reduced.

Market demand is the quantities of a good that all consumers in a particular market want and are able to buy as price varies and as all other factors are assumed constant. Market demand depends not only on the factors affecting individual demands, but also on the number of consumers in the market. The law of demand also works with market demand.

II. Основываясь на содержании текстов «Demand and Supply» и «Theory of Demand», раскройте тему теории спроса.

Примерный вариант рассказа о теории спроса:

Consumer demand is the quantity of a particular good that an individual consumer wants and is able to buy as the price varies. Factors influencing demand for a good are the prices of other goods, consumer income and a number of non-economic factors, such as social, physiological, demographic characteristics of the consumer in question.

The theory of demand is based on the assumption that the consumer having budget constraints seeks to reach the maximum possible level of utility. The consumer has to choose the specific goods within the limits imposed by his budget.

A price increase will result in a reduction in the quantity demanded. At low prices the demanded quantity is higher. This relationship between the quantity demanded of a good and its price is called the law of demand.

Market demand is the quantity of a good that all consumers in a particular market want and are able to buy as the price varies. Market demand depends on the number of consumers in the market as well as on all factors influencing individual demand.

III. Как правило, придаточное предложение присоединяется к главному посредством союза. Однако в английском языке возможны случаи опущения соединительных союзов who, which, that (который), when (когда). В подобных случаях при переводе на русский язык необходимо восстановить опущенный союз. Для того чтобы правильно определить место пропущенного союза, необходимо следовать следующему правилу: если за двумя рядом стоящими существительными (или существительным и личным местоимением в общем падеже) следует глагол в личной форме, то после первого существительного восстанавливается союз:

I don’t want to buy the car you have chosen. – Я не хочу покупать машину, которую ты выбрал.

Задание 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, восстанавливая при переводе опущенный соединительный союз:

1. Money can be used to buy things we wish to consume.
2. We must know the prices at the moment we need money for making expenditures.
3. The output of an agricultural commodity this year depends on decisions the farmer made last year.
4. A government can restrict the choice a consumer makes.
5. The European economy of the 2020s will be very different from that of the Europe we have known for the last decades.
6. Higher incomes have much more influence on the way people eat (more meat, less bread) than on the amount they eat.
7. Real income is the amount of the goods and services a consumer can buy with his money income.
8. A consumer is a person who consumes the products and services he buys.
9. The price at the time the good is ready for marketing may be different from the price at the time the decision to produce it was made.
10. The amount of output firms want to offer depends on costs and revenues.
11. Firms' decisions about how much to produce depend on the costs of production and on the revenues they receive from selling the output.
12. The amount of output firms want to offer depends on costs and revenues.

IV. Студентам предоставляется возможность рассказать об основных мировых экономических системах.

ВОПРОСЫ К ЗАЧЕТУ

1. Особенности перевода глагола to be.
2. Особенности перевода номинативной цепочки.
3. Особенности перевода различных аспектуальных форм английского глагола соотносимых с настоящим временем.
4. Особенности перевода различных аспектуальных форм английского глагола соотносимых с прошедшим временем.
5. Особенности перевода различных аспектуальных форм английского глагола соотносимых с будущим временем.
6. Особенности образования и перевода настоящего и прошедшего причастий.
7. Особенности образования и перевода степеней сравнения прилагательных.
8. Особенности образования и перевода видовременных форм английского глагола в страдательном залоге.
9. Значения и особенности перевода модальных глаголов.
10. Количественные и порядковые числительные. Особенности прочтения дат, простых и десятичных дробей.
11. Особенности перевода определительных придаточных предложений, присоединенных бессоюзным способом.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1

Предлагаемаяконтрольная работасодержит 10 вариантов. Номер варианта определяется в соответствии с порядковым номером студента в журнале. Каждый вариант контрольной работы предполагает выполнение следующих семи заданий:

1. Прочитайте, озаглавьте и переведите текст:

2. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие глагол to be. Объясните особенности его перевода, сгруппируйте выбранные Вами предложения в соответствии с теми или иными особенностями перевода.

3. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие номинативную цепочку. Объясните особенности ее перевода.

4. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы. Объясните особенности их перевода, приведите примеры к каждому глаголу.

5. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие причастие I и причастие II. Объясните особенности их перевода, в соответствии с чем систематизируйте их по трем группам.

6. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие степени сравнения прилагательных, расклассифицировав их по двум группам.

7. Подчеркните в тексте все сказуемые и определите их видовременные формы.

Вариант 1

I was born at Number Nineteen, Turnmill Street, London. My mother died when I was five years old. She died fifteen minutes after my sister Polly was born. As my father worked from morning till night, he had no time to look after Polly and me, so he married again soon. He married Mrs Burke, who was much younger and more good-looking than my mother. But I did not like my stepmother and she did not like me. So we began to hate each other; but she did not show her hatred when my father was at home. She beat me very often and she made me work very hard. From morning till night she found work for me to do. I looked after the baby. When she was awake, I took her for a walk, carrying her in my arms, and she was very heavy. I cleaned the rooms, went shopping, etc. There was always work for me to do.

One day a woman came to see my stepmother and they drank a lot of gin. All the money that my father had left for our dinner was spent. When the woman went home, my stepmother said to me in tears, "Oh, what shall I do, Jimmy, dear, what shall I do? Your father will come home soon, and there is no dinner for him. He will beat me cruelly! What shall I do, what shall I do?" I was sorry for her, she had tears in her eyes, and she called me "Jimmy, dear" for the first time. I asked her if I could help her and she said at once, "Oh, yes, you can help me! When your father comes home in the evening, Jimmy, dear, tell him that you lost the money he left for our dinner." "How could I lose it?" I asked in surprise. "You can tell him that I sent you to buy some food. Suddenly a big boy ran against you and the money fell out of your hand and you could not find it. That will be very easy to say, Jimmy, dear, please, say it to your father!" "But he'll give me a good beating for it!" "Oh, no, he won't! I shall not let him beat you, you may be sure! Here is a penny for you, go and buy some sweets with it!"

So I went off and spent my penny on sweets. When I came back and opened the door, my father was at home waiting for me with his waist-belt in his hand. I wanted to run out of the room, but he caught me by the ear. "Stop a minute, young man!" he said. "What have you done with the money?" "I lost it, Father," said I in fear and looked at my step­mother. "Oh, you lost it! Where did you lose it?" "In the street, Father. Ask Mrs. Burke, she knows!" I told him what my stepmother had asked me to tell him. I was not much surprised that he did not believe my story. But my stepmother's words surprised me very much. "Yes, he told me the same thing," she said, "but he is a liar! He has spent your money on sweets. I can't beat him, he is your child, but you can give him a good beating!" And she stood by while my father beat me with his belt till the blood showed. I hated my stepmother so much now that I wanted to see her dead.

Вариант 2

Of all the different ideas that have been started lately, I think that the very best is the notion of celebrating once a year "Mother's Day". We decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. We thought it a fine idea. It made us realize how much Mother had done for us for years, and all the efforts and sacrifices that she had made for our sake.