Industry in Russian Federation

UNIT 1

Text A

RUSSIA

In geographic size Russia is the largest country in the world, with an area of 17 075200 sq km. Territory of Russia is more than one-ninth of the world’s land area and nearly twice that of the United States or China. From north to south the country extends more than 4000 km from the southern border along the Caucasus Mountains to Arctic islands in the Barents Sea. From east to west the maximum extent is almost 10 000 km from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to Ratmanov Island in the Bering Strait. The country also spans parts of two continents, Europe and Asia. The Ural Mountains mark the boundary between Europe and Asia. The capital and largest city of Russia is Moscow.

On the north Russia is bordered by a number of seas of the Arctic Ocean: the Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Chukchi sea. On the east it is bordered by: the Bering Sea, and the seas of Okhotsk and Japan. In the farthest southeast Russia borders North Korea. On the south Russia is bordered by China, Mongolia, Kazakstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and the Black Sea. On the southwest it is bounded by Ukraine, and on the west by Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, the Gulf of Finland, Finland, and Norway. The enclave of Kaliningrad, on the Baltic Sea, is bordered by Lithuania and Poland.

The biggest islands of Russia lie in the Arctic and Pacific oceans. In the Arctic Ocean, is Franz Josef Land, an archipelago consisting of about 100 islands. The other Arctic islands, from west to east, include the two islands: Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach Island, the group of islands called Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, and Wrangel Island. Between the islands mentioned above are numerous small islands and island chains. In the Pacific Ocean are the Kuril Islands, which extend in an arc southwest from the southern end of the Russian peninsula of Kamchatka to Japan. The Pacific also includes the large island of Sakhalin, which separates the seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

Russia can be divided into three large geographic regions: European Russia, consisting of the territory lying west of the Ural Mountains; Siberia, stretching east from the Urals almost to the Pacific Ocean; and far eastern Russia.

Words and expressions

geographic size - географический масштаб

largest country - самая большая страна

world’s land area - территория земной суши

southern border - южная граница

maximum extent - максимальная протяженность

eastern coast - восточное побережье

boundary - граница

capital - столица

farthest southeast - крайний юго-восток

farthest north - крайний север

group of islands - группа островов

numerous - многочисленный

island chains - цепи островов

extend - протяженность

peninsula - полуостров

geographic regions - географические регионы

European Russia - европейская часть России

Ural Mountains - уральские горы

Siberia - Сибирь

Pacific Ocean - Тихий океан

Caucasus Mountains - кавказские горы

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What can you say about Russia in geographic extend?

2. What is the total area of Russia?

3. What is the Russia’s territory distance from north to south and

from west to east?

4. Does the country span parts of two continents?

What continents are they?

5. By what seas of the Arctic Ocean Russia is bounded in the north?

6. What countries are bordering Russia in the south?

7. Is it true that Bering Strait bounds Russia in the south?

8. Where do principal island possessions of Russia lie?

9. Is it true the Kuril Islands are in the Black sea?

10. What is the largest island in the east of Russia in the Pacific?

11. Does Sakhalin separate the seas of Okhotsk and Japan?

12. Can you name the three main broad geographic regions of Russia?

Exercise 2

Переведите на русский язык слова и словосочетания:

Area; country; southern; northern; maximum; extend; boundary; eastern coast; capital; largest city; borders measure; to separate; extreme southeast; the enclave; Luthuania; Poland; Mongolia; archipelago; group of islands; island chains; southern extremity; long-running dispute; fishing rights; ownership; geographic regions; Pacific coast.

Exercise 3

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Крупнейшая страна в мире; территория; одна девятая часть земной суши; с севера на юг; южная граница; Кавказские горы; с востока на запад; Балтийское море; побережье; два континента; Уральские горы; Европа; Азия; граница; крупнейший город; столица; крайний юго-восток; Китай; Монголия; Украина; юго-запад; Черное море; Финский залив; Финляндия; Норвегия; крупнейшие острова; архипелаг; состоящий; включать; множество маленьких островов; Тихий океан.

Exercise 4

Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словосочетаниями:

1) In geographic size Russia is… a) medium size country

b) largest country in the world

c) smallest country in the world

2) The capital and largest city a) Saint Petersburg

of Russia is … b) Kiev

c) Moscow

3) On the north Russia is a) Black sea

bordered by … b) Pacific Ocean

c) Arctic Ocean

4) The biggest islands

of Russia lie in … a) Arctic and Pacific oceans

b) Baltic sea

c) Black sea

5) On the southwest it is a) Poland

bounded by … b) Ukraine

c) Kazakstan

6) Russia can be divided into … a) three geographic regions

b) ten broad regions

c) two main geographic regions.

Exercise 5

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. Maximum extend of Russia from north to south is 10000 km.

2. Russia is the largest country in the world.

3. The Ural Mountains mark the boundary betweem Europe and Asia.

4. The capital of Russia is Moscow.

5. The exclave of Kaliningrad is bounded by Lithuania and Poland.

6. The principal island possessions of Russia lie in the Arctic and Pacific oceans.

7. There are numerous small islands and island chains between the big islands.

8. Sakhalin Island separates the seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

9. Russia can be devided into three large geographic regions.

10. Territory lying west of the Ural Mountains is called European Russia.

Exercise 6

Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

1. Largest; world; area; geographic size; Russia; world’s land area.

2. Southern border; north to south; country extends; more than 4000 km.

3. Along; Caucasus Mountains; to Arctic islands.

4. Largest city; capital; Moscow.

5. Bordered by; number of seas; Russia; Arctic Ocean.

6. Arctic and Pacific oceans; lie; biggest islands; Russia.

7. Island chains; numerous small islands; between.

8. Sakhalin; large island; separates; seas of Okhotsk and Japan.

9. Geographic regions; large; Russia; divided; three.

Exercise 7

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Территориально, Россия является самой крупной в мире страной.

2. Территория России составляет 17075200 квадратных километров.

3. Страна простирается более чем на 4000 километров с севера на юг.

4. Граница между Европой и Азией проходит по Уральским горам.

5. На востоке Россия омывается морями Тихого океана.

6. На юго-западе Россия граничит с Украиной, на западе с Белоруссией и Литвой.

7. Основные острова России находятся в Северно-Ледовитом и Тихом океанах.

8. Курильские острова простираются к югу от полуострова Камчатка до Японии.

9. Остров Сахалин отделяет Охотское и Японское моря.

10. Россию можно разделить на три обширных географических региона.

Exercise 8

Найдите антонимы в колонке слева к словам данным в колонке справа:

urban small

more exclude

maximum few

largest smallest

include minimum

numerous less

large rural

Exercise 9

Расскажите, что вы знаете о географическом положении Российской Федерации.

Text B

Industry in Russian Federation

The structure of Russian industry was greatly affected by Soviet planned system in which the role of heavy industry in economic growth was leading. In accordance with Soviet theory, heavy industry was promoted above all other sectors. Industrial output for national defence also received high priority in Soviet plans. Russian industries are very technologically advanced in the production of certain items, such as aerospace technology. The machine-building industries are mainly located in the largest cities because these industries are labour intensive.

In the 1920s the Soviet government began the industrialization of the USSR. At that time, Soviet manufacturing enterprises in Russia were concentrated in the Moscow and Saint Petersburg areas. At the same time, work was begun on the electrification of areas in the Urals with large coal and mineral reserves. At the same time planning began for the electrification of various Siberian regions. As economic planning progressed, and as the electric-power areas increased, new manufacturing complexes were installed to take maximum advantage of these natural resources. As a result, production increased in the eastern regions. This significant expansion was accomplished by developing the new eastern industrial regions. At the same time the production of older industrial regions continued to increase their output.

Today the manufacture of transportation equipment is concentrated in central European Russia. The largest shipbuilding center is in Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Sea. Smaller shipyards are located in Kaliningrad. Most of the country’s river-craft are built in the Volga-Kama River Basin. The oldest, and still the largest, river craft shipyard is located in the city of Nizhniy Novgorod. Other riverboat manufacturing plants are in Moscow, Rybinsk, and Kostroma on the upper Volga River.

The motor-vehicle manufacturing industry is limited in Russia because the Soviet government gave low priority to vehicular traffic as compared with railroads and other forms of transportation. However, Russia has several large-scale automobile and truck factories. These factories produced about 85 percent of all trucks and cars manufactured in the USSR in 1990. The largest construction project in the USSR during the eighth Soviet five-year Plan (1966-1970) was the establishment of the Volga Motor Vehicle Plant at Tol’yatti, in eastern European Russia. This plant’s capacity is about 660 000 automobiles a year. Other important automobile assembly plants are in Moscow, Izhevsk, and Nizhniy Novgorod. The largest construction project during the ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975) was the Kama Truck Plant in Naberezhnye Chelny. Trucks are also produced in Nizhniy Novgorod, Moscow, Simbirsk on the Volga, and Miass in the Urals.

The USSR was the largest producer of tractors in the world and a sizable exporter. Most of the principal producing plants are in European Russia, in Volgograd, Vladimir, Bryansk, and Lipetsk. Chelyabinsk and Rubtsovsk in Siberia.

Russia is also a major producer of textiles. The USSR led the world in the production of almost all kinds of textiles. The majority of its productive capacity located in the Russian cities of Moscow, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Tver’, and Vladimir. In these cities the textile production has been based for more than a century. In the late 1980s the annual production of cotton yarn in the USSR stood at 1.7 million metric tons, which ranked well above the second-place competitor, the United States. The country was by far the world’s largest producer of linen fabrics (1.2 billion sq m) and woolen yarn (465,000 metric tons). It was second only to Japan in the production of natural silk woven fabric. The USSR also led in the production of rayon and acetate fibers but lagged in synthetic fibers derived from non-cellulose materials. In general, the country was somewhat behind the rest of the developed world in the technology of synthetic fibers and plastics. Since the disintegration of the USSR, textile production in Russia has suffered greatly, as the other Soviet republics were a major source of textile raw materials. Nearly all of the country’s raw cotton came from Central Asia and Azerbaijan. With a shortage of supplies from these countries, many Russian textile mills were closed. Total textile production in Russia fell by more than 50 percent in 1992.

Russia has traditionally been a major producer of leather goods, and the Soviet government greatly expanded the industry. The USSR ranked as world leader in the production of leather footwear, manufacturing approximately 820 million pairs of shoes and boots each year, compared with 217.6 million in the United States.

The food industries form another important manufacturing sector in Russia. Initially, flourmills were built in the major grain-producing areas. New flourmills are generally located in areas with larger population concentration. A considerable part of the country’s fresh fruits and vegetables are canned or conserved in the growing areas. Transportation and refrigeration facilities are not adequate to market fresh produce at great distances.

In general, industrial output in Russia has declined in recent years. Industry still continues a general slowdown in growth that took place during the last years of the USSR. Overall industrial production declined by about 18 percent in 1992. At the same time the drop in production of specific items was much greater. In comparison to first-quarter output in 1992, the 1993 first-quarter output of paints was 50 percent lower, synthetic dyes 48 percent lower, cement 38 percent lower, and synthetic rubber 32 percent lower. Production of consumer durables declined in general in 1992. At the same time the output of some products, such as television sets, in fact increased. The production of food items also declined in general, with the exception of sugar production, which recently increased.

Words and expressions

structure - структура

industry - промышленность

economic growth - экономический рост

heavy industry - тяжелая промышленность

industrial output - промышленное

производство

aerospace technology - авиационные технологии

machine-building - машиностроение

industrialization - индустриализация

manufacturing - производство

electrification - электрификация

economic planning - экономическое

планирование

natural resources - природные ресурсы

industrial regions - промышленные регионы

transportation equipment - транспортное

оборудование

shipbuilding - cсудостроение

motor-vehicle manufacturing - автомобилестроение

railroads - железные дороги

construction project - строительные проекты

agricultural machinery - сельскохозяйственные

машины

sizable exporter - значительный экспортер

productive capacity - производственные

мощности

cotton yarn - хлопковое волокно

natural silk - натуральный шелк

synthetic fiber - синтетическое волокно

plastics - пластмассы

raw material - сырье

population concentration - концентрация населения

decline - спад

synthetic rubber - синтетический каучук

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why was heavy industry promoted above all during the Soviet Union period?

2. Did national defense receive high priority in Soviet industrial plans?

3. Why do we consider that Russian industries are technologically advanced?

4. Where machine-building industries in Russia are mainly located?

5. Why machine-building industries are located in big cities?

6. When did Soviet government begin electrification?

7. What are the Urals known for?

8. What were installed in the electric-power areas?

9. Why did the government install huge manufacturing complexes in electric power areas?

10. Is manufacture of transportation equipment concentrated in northern European Russia?

11. Where the largest Russian shipbuilding center is located?

12. Why Russian motor vehicle manufacturing industry is limited?

13. When was the Lada motor vehicle manufacturing plant established?

14. What is the annual production of Tol’yatti Volga Motor Vehicle Plant?

15. What can you say about Kama Truck Plant in Naberezhnye Chelny?

16. Is manufacture of agricultural machinery a small industry in Russia?

17. Was the USSR a sizable exporter of tractors?

18. What can you tell about textile industries in the USSR?

19. Why did textile industry suffer since the breakup of the USSR?

20. What was production of leather footwear per year in the USSR?

21. Did industrial output in Russia decline in 1990-th?

22. Industrial production of what products increased in Russia after the collapse of the USSR?

Exercise 2.

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Большие запасы угля и минералов; значение промышленности в экономическом развитии страны; производственные предприятия; сконцентрированы в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге; новые крупные производственные комплексы; максимально использовать; преимущества природных ресурсов; производство транспортного оборудования; европейская часть России; производительность автозавода в Тольятти; производство сельхозмашин является ведущей отраслью промышленности в России; СССР был лидером в производстве практически всех видов тканей; c момента распада Советского союза, текстильная промышленность России сильно пострадала; Советский союз считался мировым лидером в производстве обуви из кожи; промышленное производство России значительно упало за последние годы; производство некоторых видов продукции возросло.

Exercise 3.

Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словосочетаниями:

1. The machine building industries a) agricultural areas, b) small cities,

are mainly located in… c) mountains, d) big cities.

2. New huge manufacturing a) being close to agricultural lands,

complexes were installed to b) being near big cities,

take maximum advantage of… c) being close to natural resources.

3. The manufacture of a) far east

transportation equipment is b) West European Russia

concentrated in … c) central European Russia

4. The USSR was formerly the a) electronics

largest producer of … b) ready-made garments

c) agriculture

5. Nearly all the country’s a) Central Asia

Raw cotton came from … b) African countries

c) European Union

6. A considerable portion of the a) traditions of Russians

country’s fresh fruits and b) transportation and refrigeration

Vegetables are canned due to… facilities are not adequate

c) traditional exports of canned

canned fruits and vegetable

Exercise 4

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. In the USSR the role of heavy industry in economic growth was leading.

2. Industrial output for national defense in the USSR received high priority in Soviet plans.

3. Russian industries are very technologically advanced in certain items.

4. The machine-building industries are located in the largest cities because these industries are labor intensive.

5. The Urals known to have large coal and mineral reserves.

6. New manufacturing complexes were installed in the east of the country to take maximum advantage of these natural resources.

7. The older industrial regions of Russia continued to increase their output.

8. The motor-vehicle manufacturing industry is limited in Russia, because the Soviet government gave low priority to vehicular traffic.

9. Aptiva plant’s capacity is about 660,000 automobiles a year.

10. The USSR was the largest producer of tractors in the world and a sizable exporter.

11. Russia is also a major producer of textiles.

12. The USSR was somewhat behind the rest of the developed world in the technology of synthetic fibers and plastics.

13. The food industries form an important manufacturing sector in Russia.

14. Industrial output in Russia has declined in recent years.

15. At the same time the output of some products, such as television sets, in fact increased.

Exercise 5

Составьте предложения используя данные слова и словосочетания:

1. Producer; major; tractors; Russia.

2. Industrial; output; manufacturing sector; declined; the USSR.

3. Manufacturing; huge; complexes; East; installed.

4. Construction project; largest; eighth Soviet five-year Plan; Tol’yatti.

5. Sizable exporter; producer; USSR; tractors.

6. Motor vehicle; limited; industry; low priority.

7. World leader; leather; footwear; shoes; pairs; per year.

8. Industrial production; declined; during; Soviet Union; last years.

9. Output; television sets; some products; such as; increased.

Exercise 6

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Структура российской промышленности во многом зависела от советской теории приоритетности тяжелой промышленности.

2. Российская промышленность высоко технологична в некоторых областях.

3. Машиностроение, главным образом, размещено в крупных городах страны.

4. Урал известен большими запасами угля и других природных ресурсов.

5. Производство транспортного оборудования размещено в европейской части России.

6. Волжский автозавод в Тольятти рассчитан на производство 660 000 автомобилей в год.

7. СССР был мировым лидером по производству практически всех видов тканей.

8. Производство предметов длительного пользования сократилось к 1992 году.

9. Производство сахара в России в последнее время увеличилось.

Exercise 7

Найдите антонимы к словам данным в колонке слева:

shortage below

major insufficient

sufficient in particular

in general excess

to disintegrate minor

sizable join up

above small

behind in front

Exercise 8

Расскажите, что вы знаете о промышленности Российской Федерации.

Text C

Industry in the U.K.

Principal factors in the industrial prominence of Britain were its Industrial revolution of 18-th century and early leadership in the wool trade, favourable climate, mineral wealth, development of shipping and naval control of the seas and colonial markets. Britain had much greater freedom from political and religious wars existed in continental Europe.

With the invention of mechanically powered machinery, the textile industry grew rapidly and has remained one of the most important industries of Great Britain. Two inventions—steam-powered mining machinery (1765) by James Watt and railroad locomotives (1815) by George Stephenson—were of major importance in the development of British coal and iron-ore resources and in the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing.

Great Britain has remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world. In the early 1990s manufacturing and mining industries employed about 18 percent of the workforce and accounted for approximately 24 percent of the GDP. In the same period the approximate yearly production figures were 16.2 million metric tons of crude steel, 1.3 million passenger cars, 172 000 gross registered tons of merchant vessels, 122 200 metric tons of woolen yarn, and 142 million m of woven cotton fabrics. Scotland and Northern Ireland were noted for their production of whiskeys and linen, and England had a large brewing industry. In terms of value, the leading branches of the manufacturing sector were food products, transportation equipment, non-electrical machinery, chemical products, and metals and metal products. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), and Merseyside (Liverpool). Other important industrial centers were Glasgow, southern Wales, and Belfast.

Energy

Annual electrical output in the early 1990s exceeded 317 billion kilowatt-hours, of which about 75 percent was generated in conventional thermal facilities using fossil fuels. Britain was a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity. The world’s first commercial-scale nuclear power station at Calder Hall in Cumberland became functional in 1956. By the early 1990s nuclear power supplied about 16 percent of Great Britain’s electricity production.

Words and expressions

principal factor - основной фактор

industrial prominence - промышленное превосходство

industrial revolution - промышленная революция

early leadership - ранее лидерство

favourable climate - благоприятный климат

mineral wealth - наличие полезных ископаемых

development of shipping - развитие мореходства

naval control - контроль над морями

territorial possessions - территориальные владения

colonial markets - колониальные рынки

religious wars - религиозные войны

invention - изобретение

machinery - механизмы, машины

steam-powered - паровой

coal and iron-ore resources - ресурсы угля и руды

highly industrialized - промышленно высоко развитый

workforce - рабочая сила

GDP (gross domestic product) - валовой национальный продукт

merchant vessel - торговое судно

woolen yarn - шерстяная пряжа

brewing industry - пивоваренная промышленность

leading branches - ведущие отрасли

transportation equipment - транспортное оборудование

electrical machinery - электрическое оборудование

industrial centers - промышленные центры

annual electrical output - ежегодное производство

электроэнергии

kilowatt-hours - киловатт часов

generate - генерировать (производить)

thermal facilities - тепловые мощности

fossil fuel - ископаемое топливо

nuclear plant - атомная станция

commercial-scale - коммерческий

nuclear power station - атомная электростанция

electricity production - производство электроэнергии

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are the principal factors in the industrial prominence of Britain?

2. What was the result of the invention of mechanically powered machinery?

3. What inventions were of major importance in the development of British coal and iron-ore resources and in the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing?

4. Has Great Britain remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world?

5. What are the leading branches of the manufacturing sector in the U.K.?

6. What are the leading manufacturing regions in the United Kingdom?

7. Was Britain a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity?

8. What was the annual electrical output in Britain the early 1990s?

Exercise 2

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Промышленная революция; раннее лидерство; благоприятный климат; территориальные владения; колониальные рынки; политические и религиозные войны; изобретение; текстильная промышленность; паровые машины; уголь; железная руда; производство стали; ежегодное производство хлопчатобумажных тканей; пивоваренная промышленность; промышленный регион; ежегодное производство электроэнергии; ископаемый источник энергии; производство электроэнергии.

Exercise 3

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. The textile industry grew rapidly and has remained one of the most important industries of Great Britain.

2. Industrial prominence of Britain was mainly due to its early industrial revolution 18-th century.

3. Great Britain has remained one of the most highly industrialized countries of the world.

4. In the early 1990s manufacturing and mining industries employed about 18 percent of the workforce.

5. Scotland and Northern Ireland were noted for their production of whiskeys and linen, and England had a large brewing industry.

6. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London and the metropolitan counties of Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), and Merseyside (Liverpool).

7. Annual electrical output in the early 1990s exceeded 317 billion kilowatt-hours.

8. Britain was a pioneer in the development of nuclear plants for the production of electricity.

9. By the early 1990s nuclear power supplied about 16 percent of Great Britain’s electricity production.

Exercise 4

Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

1. Industrial revolution; early leadership; favorable climate; principal factors; industrial prominence; Britain.

2. Invention; powered machinery; grew rapidly; textile; industry.

3. Steam-powered; mining machinery, James Watt; invention.

4. Highly industrialized; Great Britain; country; world; remained.

5. Yearly production; metric tons; crude steel; passenger cars; Great Britain.

6. Electrical output; annual; Great Britain; exceeded.

Exercise 5

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Основой промышленного превосходства Великобритании была промышленная революция 18-го века.

2. Англия имела благоприятный климат, минеральные ресурсы, территориальные владения и колониальные рынки.

3. Два важнейших открытия: паровой двигатель Джеймса Ватта и паровоз Джорджа Стивенсона имели большое значение для развития британской промышленности.

4. Великобритания остается одной из наиболее развитых стран мира.

5. Ежегодно Великобритания производит до 16,2 миллионов тонн стали.

6. Ведущими промышленными городами страны являются: Лондон, Манчестер, Бирмингем и Ливерпуль.

7. Ежегодно Великобритания производит более 317 миллиардов киловатт часов электроэнергии.

8. 75% производимой в Великобритании электроэнергии вырабатывается на тепловых станциях.

9. 16% электроэнергии в Великобритании вырабатывается на атомных станциях.

Exercise 7

Расскажите, что вы знаете о промышленности в Великобритании (структура промышленности, промышленные регионы, электроэнергетика страны).

Text D

Industry in Germany

The economy of Germany is dominated by the manufacturing sector, which produces a great variety of goods. The leading branches of manufacturing in the early 1990s were chemical products, transportation equipment, non-electrical machinery, metals and metal products, electrical machinery, and food products.

Large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in several areas. The most important industrial area encompasses the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, which includes the steel-producing Ruhr region plus other large manufacturing centers, such as Aachen, Cologne, and Dusseldorf, where chemicals, metal goods, machinery, and motor vehicles are manufactured. Another major industrial region is located around the confluence of the Rhine and Main rivers. Encompassing the cities of Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Mainz, and Offenbach, it has large factories producing metals, electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and motor vehicles. To the south, along the Rhine, is an important industrial area centered on the cities of Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, and Karlsruhe, where chemicals, machinery, and construction materials are manufactured. Stuttgart is the hub of a manufacturing region in which motor vehicles, electronic equipment, office machinery, textiles, and optical instruments are produced. Products of the Munich area include aircraft, motor vehicles, clothing, and beer. Several important industrial regions are located in northwestern Germany. These include the Hanover-Brunswick area, where steel, chemicals, and motor vehicles are produced. Another major manufacturing region includes such port cities as Hamburg, Bremen, Kiel, and Wilhelmshaven. Among the products of this region are refined petroleum, processed food, beer, ships, office machinery, and printed materials. Berlin is also a major producer of electronic equipment.

About 8000 companies were operating in East Germany in 1990. Of these, however, less than one-fourth was expected to survive in the more competitive economy of a unified Germany. The territory of the former East Germany has a large iron and steel industry, with huge mills near Berlin. Yearly production of crude steel in East Germany in the late 1980s was about 8.2 million metric tons; in unified Germany in the early 1990s it was 39.8 million metric tons. East Germany also produced great amounts of chemicals. Many chemical plants are located in and around Dessau, Hale, and Leipzig. A large petrochemical complex at Schwedt, in the northeast, processes petroleum piped in from Russia. Machinery is produced in numerous cities, especially in the southwest, and eastern Berlin has large factories making electronic equipment. Textiles are produced in several cities, notably Cottbus, Chemnitz, and Leipzig. Germany’s industry-oriented economy has damaged the country’s environment. Today Germany faces serious air and water pollution problems.

Energy

Coal was formerly the major source of electrical power in Germany, but its use decreased in the 1970s and 1980s, although it remains an important energy source in the east. Petroleum and nuclear power currently supply much of the country’s electricity. In the south, hydroelectric dams draw power from the large rivers. Germany produces some natural gas and oil of its own, but must import most of what it uses. Although the West German government had previously encouraged the development of nuclear power facilities, in 1989 it reversed its position, partly in a delayed response to the 1986 nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in Ukraine. The policy reversal has led to the closing of some facilities and abandonment of plans to build others. In the early 1990s 21 nuclear reactors produced about 30 percent of Germany’s electricity. Total annual electricity production is about 580 billion kilowatt-hours from an installed generating capacity of 134 million kilowatts.

Words and expressions

manufacturing sector - производственный сектор

value - величина

manufacturing enterprise - производственное предприятие

major region - основной регион

confluence - впадение

electronic equipment - электронное оборудование

motor vehicle - автомобиль

construction materials - строительные материалы

office machinery - офисное оборудование

optical instruments - оптические инструменты

survive - выживать

competitive economy - конкурентная экономика

unified Germany - объединенная Германия

petrochemical complex - нефтехимический комплекс

industry-oriented economy - промышленно ориентированная

экономика

air and water pollution - загрязнение воды и воздуха

major source - основной источник

energy source - источник энергии

hydroelectric dam - гидроэнергетическая плотина

natural gas - природный газ

delayed response - запоздалая реакция

nuclear reactor - ядерный реактор

abandonment of plans - отказ от планов

annual - ежегодный

installed capacity - существующие мощности

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What the economy of Germany is dominated by?

2.What were the leading branches of manufacturing in Germany in the early 1990s, in terms of value of production?

3.Where the large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated?

4.Where chemicals, machinery, and construction materials are manufactured?

5. Are several important industrial regions located in northwestern Germany? Name them.

6. Machinery is produced in numerous cities, especially in the southwest, isn't it?

7. Has Berlin large factories making electronic equipment?

8. How many companies were operating in East Germany in 1990?

9. Has the territory of the former East Germany a large iron and steel industry?

10.Does Germany face serious air and water pollution problems today?

11.What was the major source of electrical power in Germany formerly?

12.What powers currently supply much of the country’s electricity?

13.What can you say about the development of nuclear power facilities?

14.What is the total annual electricity production in Germany?

Exercise 2

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Производственный сектор; ведущая отрасль; металлоизделия; фармацевтическая продукция; строительные материалы; офисное оборудование; оптические инструменты; северо-запад Германии; нефть; конкурентная экономика; объединенная Германия; крупные заводы; ежегодное производство; химический завод; серьезные проблемы загрязнения воды и воздуха; важный источник энергии; атомная энергия; природный газ; закрытие некоторых мощностей.

Exercise 3

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. The economy of Germany is dominated by the manufacturing sector.

2. The leading branches of manufacturing are chemical products, transportation equipment.

3. Large-scale manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in several areas.

4. The most important industrial area encompasses the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

5. Chemicals, metal goods, machinery, and motor vehicles are manufactured in Dusseldorf.

6. About 8000 companies were operating in East Germany in 1990.

7. The territory of the former East Germany has a large iron and steel industry.

8. A large petrochemical complex at Schwedt, in the northeast, processes petroleum piped in from Russia.

9. Eastern Berlin has large factories making electronic equipment.

10. Germany’s industry-oriented economy has damaged the country’s environment.

11. Coal was formerly the major source of electrical power in Germany.

12. Petroleum and nuclear power currently supply much of the country’s electricity.

13. Germany produces some natural gas and oil of its own.

14. In the early 1990s 21 nuclear reactors produced about 30 percent of Germany’s electricity.

Exercise 4

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Доминирующим в экономике Германии является производственный сектор.

2. Производство химической продукции, транспортного оборудования, металлов, электрооборудования, являются ведущими отраслями в экономике Германии.

3. Крупные промышленные предприятия сконцентрированы в нескольких областях Германии.

4. Продукция, производимая в Мюнхене, включает в себя самолеты, автомобили, одежду и пиво.

5. На территории Восточной Германии была развита металлургическая промышленность.

6. Ежегодное производство стали в Восточной Германии, к середине 1980-х годов, составляло около 8,2 миллионов тонн.

7. Большинство химических заводов расположены в районе Лейпцига.

8. Уголь остается основным источником сырья для производства электроэнергии в Германии.

9. Серьезные экологические проблемы стоят перед Германией сегодня.

10. Западногерманское правительство до 1986 года поощряло развитие атомной энергетики.

Exercise 5

Расскажите, что вы знаете о промышленности Германии (основные виды выпускаемой продукции, экономические регионы страны, потенциал бывшей ГДР, энергетика и т.д.)

Text E

Industry in France

The manufacturing industries of France compare favorably in volume, variety, and quality of output with those of other nations of Western Europe. About 29 percent of the workforce is employed in manufacturing and industry. In the early 1990s the leading branches of the manufacturing sector, measured by value of production, were food products, transportation equipment, no electrical machinery, electrical machinery, metals, and metal products. Among industries producing durable goods (other than metals), the manufacturing of motor vehicles ranks high; the output of passenger cars was about 3.2 million annually in the early 1990s. The largest manufacturer of automobiles in France is the nationalized Renault firm. Other durable goods produced in significant quantities in France are aircraft, household appliances, no electrical machinery, electronic equipment, and chemicals. Crude steel production was about 18.7 million metric tons in the early 1990s. The French spinning and textile industry is among the largest in the world; the annual production of yarn and cloth from wool, cotton, silk, and synthetic fibers is more than 397 000 metric tons. Sugar beet refining is another important industry, as are food processing, liquor distilling, and the manufacture of various specialized products. In the last-named field, several branches of French industry are internationally renowned for the quality of the articles produced, such as perfumes, gloves, lace, women’s hats, women’s clothing, tapestry, shawls, clocks, china, glass articles, pottery, furniture, and numerous other luxury items.

Energy

No nation is more dependent on atomic power than France. Nuclear power plants generate about 73 percent of the country’s electricity. Only about 11 percent of France’s electricity output is generated in thermal installations using coal, petroleum products, or natural gas. About 16 percent is produced by hydroelectric facilities. A tidal power facility makes use of the tides of the English Channel in the lower Rance River, near Saint-Malo. In the early 1990s France had an installed electricity generating capacity of about 110 million kilowatts, and annual production was approximately 426 billion kilowatt hours.

Words and expressions

manufacturing industry - промышленность

volume - объем

variety - разнообразие

workforce - рабочая сила

value of production - объем производства

metal products - металлоизделия

durable goods - предметы длительного

пользования

manufacturer - производитель

spinning and textile industry - прядильная и текстильная

промышленность

synthetic fibers - синтетические волокна

food processing - пищевая промышленность

internationally renowned - медународно-признанный

perfumes - парфюмерия

women’s clothing - женская одежда

luxury items - предметы роскоши

dependent - зависимый

thermal installations - тепловые установки

tidal power - энергия приливов

Exercise 2

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Рабочая сила; соизмеримо объемам производства; ведущие отрасли производственного сектора; легковые автомобили; текстиль; национализированная компания Рено; в значительных объемах; среди крупнейших производителей в мире; переработка сахарной свеклы; международно признанный; парфюмерия; женская одежда; фарфор; мебель; предметы роскоши; Франция сильно зависима от атомной энергетики.

Exercise 3

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. About 29 percent of the workforce in France is employed in manufacturing and industry.

2. The leading branches of the manufacturing sector in France were food products, transportation equipment, electrical machinery, and metal products.

3. The largest manufacturer of automobiles in France is the nationalized Renault firm.

4. Durable goods are produced in significant quantities in France.

5. The French spinning and textile industry is among the largest in the world.

6. Sugar beet refining is an important industry in France.

7. Several branches of French industry are internationally renowned for the quality of the articles produced.

8. No nation is more dependent on atomic power than France.

9. Only about 11 percent of France’s electricity output is generated in thermal installations using coal, petroleum products, or natural gas.

10. 16 percent of electricity output in France is produced by hydroelectric facilities.

Exercise 4

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. 29 процентов рабочей силы во Франции занято в промышленности.

2. Ведущими отраслями промышленности во Франции являются: пищевая, транспортного машиностроения, производства электротехнических изделий, металлообработка.

3. Крупнейшим производителем автомобилей во Франции является национализированная компания Рено.

4. Текстильная промышленность Франции считается одной из самых крупных в мире.

5. Франц узкая промышленность международною признана за качество выпускаемой продукции.

6. Франция сильно зависима от атомной энергетики.

7. 73 процента производимой в стране электроэнергии генерируется на атомных электростанциях.

8. Во Франции только 11 % электроэнергии, генерируются на тепловых электростанциях, использующих уголь, нефтепродукты и природный газ.

Exercise 5

Расскажите, что вы знаете о промышленности Франции (структура промышленности, основные ее отрасли, международно-признанные товары, энергетика и т.д.)

Text E

Industry in Japan

Japanese industry suffered extensive damage in World War II. Subsequently, the country undertook a reconstruction that resulted in a complete modernization of its manufacturing facilities. Primary emphasis was placed on the chemical and petrochemical industries and the heavy-machinery industry. By the mid-1950s industrial production had surpassed prewar levels; manufacturing growth averaged 9.4 percent annually during the period from 1965 to 1980 and 6.7 percent a year during the period from 1980 to 1988. Most industry was organized into keiretsu, a group of affiliated companies formed around a major bank. By the early 1990s the role of heavy industry was declining as the Japanese economy evolved and service industries grew in importance. Production in industries such as steel making, in which Japan was among the world leaders, showed steady decline, and shipbuilding, though increasing again in the early 1990s due to the demands of growing world trade, was still far below levels of the early 1980s. Still, Japan is among the world leaders in production of automobiles and electronic equipment. In the early 1990s Japanese industry annually produced 9.4 million passenger vehicles, 98.1 million metric tons of steel, and 12 million gross registered tons of ships. Other manufactures were televisions (12 million), cameras (14.5 million), and watches and clocks (445.8 million). Some 24 percent of the $165 billion in electronic goods produced are computers.

In the early 1990s Japan was also among the leading world producers of basic chemical raw materials. Japan was one of the leading textile manufacturers in the world and among the three largest world producers of synthetic fiber. Silk and cotton production during this period, however, declined in importance to the economy.

Energy

Japan is among the world’s leading countries in the annual production of electricity. About 61 percent of the electricity is generated in thermal plants using coal or petroleum products; hydroelectric facilities account for 11 percent, and nuclear power plants 28 percent. Energy from nuclear reactors is steadily increasing, with about 50 nuclear power plants in operation in the mid-1990s. Japan had an installed electricity-generating capacity of 200 million kilowatts in the early 1990s, and the yearly output of electricity was some 888 billion kilowatt-hours.

Lacking adequate domestic energy resources, Japan depends on fuel imports to meet its energy needs. Oil embargos in the 1970s led to improvements in energy efficiency and conservation, as well as a diversification of energy sources. Japan reduced dependence on petroleum as a source from 75 percent in 1973 to 57 percent in the early 1990s.

Exercise 1

Прочитайте текст E со словарем и передайте его содержание на русском языке, обращая особое внимание на статистический материал текста.

UNIT 2

Text A.

Republic of Tatarstan

Republic of Tatarstan is located in the Upper Volga region of the Russian Federation. It’s one of the most rapidly growing regions. The economic bases of the republic are the oil production and petrochemical sector. Other industry development includes: automotive, aerospace and power generation sectors. According to the official statistics, Tatarstan was the 3-rd among 89 regions of Russian Federation in industrial and agricultural output. Currently the republic produces: 100% of film, 95% of gas turbines, 75% of styrene, 50% of centrifugal electric pumps for oil production, 50% of diesel trucks, 40% of polyethylene, 30% of synthetic rubber, 9% of crude oil in the RF. From mid-90-th the regional economy reported a constant growth. By July 2001, the economy of Tatarstan accumulated about one billion USD of foreign investments.

Tatarstan maintains a unique position in Russia: according to its constitution it is sovereign republic, associated with the Russian Federation. It has its own President, State Council and the Government. According to the republic’s Constitution, Tatarstan is a subject of International Law and it can establish relations with other countries, exchange diplomatic, trade and other missions. Now Tatarstan has 20 representative offices in Russian regions and foreign countries in including the United States.

Population of Tatarstan is 3,8 million with 1,1 million people living in Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan. There are two official languages in the republic: Tatar and Russian and two principal religions: Muslim and Russian Orthodox.

Apart from oil and gas which are the principal wealth for the republic there are other natural resources such as: gypsum (72 million tons), oil asphalt (12,5 billion tons), building stone (35,3 million cub. meters), brick clay (73,5 million tons), limestone and dolomite (66 million tons). Crude oil resources are estimated at 0,8 billion tons. 67% of the republic’s land is agricultural and 18% is forest.

Private property on land and sale of land are officially allowed in Tatarstan.

Kazan is 800 kilometers to the east of Moscow. The city houses an international airport. The capital of Tatarstan upholds the necessary infrastructure and since mid-1990s Kazan has became a rather safe city with a low level of criminal activity. The local government pays good attention to the improvement in the appearance of the city and regularly invests in the reconstruction of historical buildings and infrastructure. The republican government is also running a number of long-term social programs to raise the living standards of the population.

Words and expressions:

rapidly growing - быстро растущий

economic bases - экономические основы

power generation sectors - энергетический сектор

industrial - промышленный

agricultural - сельскохозяйственный

oil production - производство нефти

constant growth - постоянный рост

foreign investments - иностранные инвестиции

sovereign state - суверенное государство

establish relations - устанавливать отношения

subject of international law - субъект международного права

natural resources - природные ресурсы

crude oil - сырая нефть

private property - частная собственность

infrastructure - инфраструктура

level of criminal activity - уровень преступности

to pay good attention - уделять хорошее внимание

historical buildings - исторические здания

long-term social projects - долгосрочные социальные

проекты

reconstruction - реконструкция

historical buildings - исторические здания

principal religions - основные религии

Exercise 1

Ответить на вопросы:

1. In what region of Russia the republic of Tatarstan is located?

2. What are the economic bases of the republic?

3. What industries are developed in Tatarstan?

4. What can you tell about political structure of the republic?

5. Is Tatarstan a subject of International Law?

6. Does Tatarstan have any representation offices in Russia and abroad?

7. What is the population of Tatarstan?

8. What is the population of Kazan?

9. What are the two official languages in the republic?

10. What are the two principal religions in Tatarstan?

11. Is private property on land officially allowed in Tatarstan?

12. What can you tell about the level of criminal activity in Kazan?

Exercise 2

Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений:

Быстро растущий регион; в соответствии с официальной статистикой; промышленное и сельскохозяйственное производство; регионы Российской Федерации; постоянный рост; иностранные инвестиции; уникальное положение; Государственный Совет; устанавливать отношения; дипломатическая миссия; официальный язык; основная религия; природные ресурсы; сырая нефть; известняк; сельскохозяйственные угодья; лес; частная собственность; международный аэропорт; необходимая инфраструктура; местная власть; долгосрочные социальные проекты.

Exercise 3

Поставьте следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

Tatarstan is one of the most rapidly growing regions of the Russian

Federation located in the Upper Volga region.

Kazan is a unique architectural and cultural center with a lot of

museums, theaters and other cultural institutions.

Tatarstan is one of the leaders in industrial and agricultural output in Russian Federation.
Tatarstan has representative offices in more than 20 Russian regions foreign countries.

5. Population of Tatarstan is nearly 4 million with a greater part of it

living in urban areas.

6. Constitution of the Republic was adopted in 1990.

7. Tatar and Russian languages are two official languages in the

Republic of Tatarstan.

8. Kazan’s city council pays good attention to the improvement of the

appearance of the city.

9. Long-term social projects are directed to raise the living standards of population.

Exercise 4

Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

1. Located; Volga region; Republic of Tatarstan.

2. Growing; rapidly; region;

3. Bases; economy; oil production; petrochemical sector.

4. Accumulate; investment; foreign; economy; Tatarstan.

5. Official; language; principal; two; religions.

6. Oil; crude; resources; estimated; billion; tons.

7. Gas; oil; principal; wealth; republic.

8. East; Moscow; kilometers; Kazan.

9. Safe; city; become; Kazan.

10. Long-term; government; runs; projects; social.

Exercise 5

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Республика Татарстан расположена регионе Средней Волги Российской Федерации.

2. Экономической основой республики являются добыча нефти и нефтехимический сектор экономики.

3. К 2001 году в экономику Татарстана было инвестировано около 1 миллиарда долларов США.

4. В соответствии с конституцией, Татарстан является субъектом международного права.

5. Республика может устанавливать отношения с другими странами, обмениваться дипломатическими, торговыми и иными миссиями.

6. Население Татарстана составляет 3.8 миллиона человек, жителей Казани более 1,1 миллиона.

7. По конституции, в республике два официальных языка: татарский и русский.

8. Помимо нефти и газа в республике имеются другие природные ресурсы, такие как: гипс, доломит, известняк, битум, строительная глина и др.

9. Запасы нефти в республике оценены на уровне 800 миллионов тонн.

10. В Татарстане официально разрешены частная собственность на землю и ее продажа.

11. Казань расположена в 800 километрах к востоку от Москвы.

12. Власти Казани уделяют большое внимание внешнему облику города и его инфраструктуре.

13. Правительство республики проводит ряд долгосрочных проектов, направленных на улучшение уровня жизни населения.

Exercise 6

Расскажите, что вы знаете о Республике Татарстан ( население, географическое положение, промышленность, природные ресурсы и т.д.)

Text B

Kazan industrial sector

Boris Pavlov, head of the Kazan city committee on economy and industry, told a press conference on 9 December that the industrial companies in Kazan produced 40.2 billion rubles ($1.3 billion) worth of goods during the first 11 months of 2002. According to this figure, Kazan contributed 0.8 percent of Russia's and 20.1 percent of Tatarstan's total industrial output. The main drivers of this growth are the successful activities of the Kazan Helicopter Plant, Krasnii Vostok brewery, Nefis household chemicals factory, the Kazan Gorbunov aviation plant, and the Kazanorgsintez organic synthesis plant.

An average industrial worker's salary has increased by 35.7 percent this year, reaching 4,153 rubles ($130.5) per month, while energy-system employees receive the highest average wage at 7,004 rubles ($220.2) among Kazan industrial workers. Local timber-industry workers get the lowest average wage at less than $75 per month. The city’s industries currently owe 70.8 million rubles ($2.2
million) in back wages, 91 percent of which are owed by the bankrupt Lenin gunpowder plant, which is being restructured, and the Sviyaga electric-devices plant, run by the Russian Defense Ministry.
Official Unemployment will rise by some 30 percent in 2003. Some 9,000 people in Tatarstan will join the ranks of the unemployed in 2003 December, citing the republic's Ministry of Labor and Employment. The bulk of these will be workers from the Tatneft Oil Company and schoolteachers. Some 23,000 people are officially registered as unemployed in Tatarstan. Meanwhile, the KAMAZ automaker in Chally plans to fire 2,500 employees by the end of December in addition to the 3,000 already sacked this year. The layoffs will affect low-qualification workers, economists, and accounting officers.

Words and expressions

committee on economy - комитет по экономике

press conference - пресс конференция

according to this figure - в соответствии с этой цифрой

main drivers - основные источники

organic synthesis plant - завод органического синтеза

average - средний

employee - работник

timber-industry - деревообрабатывающая

промышленность

gunpowder plant - пороховой завод

electric-devices plant - завод электроприбор