Exercise 40 Translate the word combinations from the text

Conveyance of passengers and goods from one locality to another, cross-disciplinary study, meet demands for both goods and services, operating a business, traffic forecasting, capital investments, labour productivity, to interprete the figures, the financial strength of the business, market is steadily growing, higher customer’s safisfaction, a dynamic role, a clearly improved cost structure, to gain a greater market share.

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RAILWAY TRANSPORT ECONOMICS

Transport in general may be defined as the conveyance of passengers and goods from one locality to another. Transport is primarily a function of distance, and when considered by an economist it is the overcoming of distance for a profit. Transport economics is a cross-disciplinary study linking civil engineering and economics.

Transport economics as any other branch of economics deals with several main concepts. Mention just a few of them. The quantity of goods that buyers wish to buy at certain price is demand. The quantity of goods that sellers wish to sell at each price is supply. Everything that is put into production process, such as land, labour, or raw materials is the input. Everything that is produced is the output. The revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used is profit. The person or organization with the demand is the buyer, or customer. The person or organization that meets demand for both goods and services is the seller, or supplier. Operating a business requires an investment of resources. Resources include money, time, skill, experience, and work.

Railway transport economists have to solve different problems connected with traffic forecasting, capital investments, labour productivity, wages and financing. Railway transport is a huge complex system and as any organization, whether small or large, has to be managed. Probably there are two main issues that the managers deal with. First, whether the business is operating at a profit; and second, whether the business will be able to meet its commitment, and so not to be closed down due to lack of funds. Therefore, it is important to record and present financial information, which is the responsibility of the accounting department headed by the finance manager. At specific intervals, the information is summarized into financial statements. Accountants are mainly concerned with two accounting documents – the balance sheet and the profit and loss account. Managers then interpret the figures to determine the financial strength of the business.

Another activity that is covered by transport economics is marketing. The marketing function involves market research, distribution, pricing, advertising, promotion and selling. It is also important to forecast changes in rail traffic and study consumer behaviour. Rail’s position in the transportation market is steadily growing but there will be no future without higher customer’s satisfaction. Competition has entered the field of comfort, time and price. Railways have to develop a stronger customer focus¹ if they want to play a dynamic role in a future multimodal transport system. Railways can enter into this competition with other modes of transport only by providing new offers and a clearly improved cost structure. The objective is to gain a greater market share and to make profits. High-speed rail may serve as a good example of effective competition against air by providing low-cost models for relatively short (up to 5 hours) journeys.

One of the recent but most important departments in railway business is railway logistics. Logistics experts optimise a steady flow of goods through a network of transportation links and storage nodes², and coordinate their work. Today there is a growing awareness of the benefits of integrating one transport mode with another, and it is logistics that organizes this process, and provides the wider range of services for passengers.

The ultimate goal of any railway department whether technical or non-technical is the highest profitability and competitiveness, increasing passenger and freight capacity, improving punctuality, reducing overcrowding, enhancing safety, providing end-to-end international transport services and others. Transport economics may contribute to this by constant investments into the maintenance of infrastructure and rolling stock, by successful management, involvement of private capital, effective use of fixed and working capital, saving operating and capital resources, etc.

¹ to develop a stronger customer focus – приділяти більше уваги пасажирам

² storage nodes – склади, сховища