III. Insert the proper word into the following sentences and explain its meaning with the help of the dictionary
1. The … is the first point of contact with the law for a person.
2. The … is the specialist with particular abilities to do well in advocacy.
3. A barrister spends much time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the … .
4. There is a healthy … between solicitors and barristers.
5. Neither kind of lawyer needs a university … .
IV. Find a proper definition for the following words.
| 1) qualification | a) an event in which people compete for supremacy |
| 2) court | b) the action or fact of becoming qualified as a recognized practitioner |
| 3) contest | c) an instance of a particular situation |
| 4) distinction | d) a body of people presided over by a judge |
| 5) case | e) a difference or contrast between similar things or people |
V. Put the verb into the correct tense form.
1. The legal profession (to become) more numerously international recently.
2. There (to be) only a few solicitors who have chances to present cases in the higher courts.
3. Solicitors (to be paid) salary.
4. The government (to consider) different ideas right now.
5. The distinction between barristers and solicitors (to be eliminated) already in Australia.
VI. Give a short summary of the text in English.
VII. Retell the text.
MODULE 2
Essential vocabulary
| accomplice | спільник, співучасник (злочину) |
| arson | підпал |
| assassin | убивця |
| assaulter | особа, що погрожує фізичним насильством |
| be contrary to | суперечити |
| bigamist | двоєженець |
| burglar | злодій-зломщик, нічний грабіжник |
| commit | учиняти (злочини, тощо) |
| complain | позов, порушення карної справи |
| consequential | важливий, значимий |
| crime | злочин |
| distribute | розповсюджувати |
| drug | наркотик |
| drug dealer | торговець наркотиками |
| embezzle | привласнювати, розтрачувати (чужі гроші) |
| enterprise | підприємство |
| forger | фальсифікатор |
| gamble | спекулювати |
| hijacking | захоплення (літака); повітряне піратство |
| illegal | нелегальний |
| insider trading | нелегальна торгівля на фондовій біржі для власної вигоди за рахунок доступу до конфіденційної інформації |
| kidnapper | викрадач дітей (людей) |
| larceny | крадіжка, злодійство |
| laundering | відмивання грошей |
| offender | правопорушник, злочинник |
| prosecute | порушувати судову справу (проти кого-неб.) |
| racial | расистський |
| rape | зґвалтування |
| robbery | крадіжка, пограбування |
| shoplifter | крамничний злодій |
| smuggle | займатися контрабандою |
| spy | шпигун, таємний агент |
| stowaway | пасажир без квитка, заєць (на пароплаві, літаку) |
| tax evasion | (незаконне) ухиляння від сплати податків |
| theft | злодійство, крадіжка |
| thief | злодій, крадій |
| traitor | зрадник |
| urban | міський |
| victim | жертва |
| victimless | без жертв |
| weapon | Зброя |
| white-collar | канцелярський, конторський |
Text 1. Types of Crimes
A crime is defined as any act that is contrary to legal code or laws.
Crimes against persons, also called personal crimes, include murder, aggravated assault, rape, and robbery. Personal crimes are unevenly distributed in the United States, with young, urban, poor, and racial minorities committing these crimes more than others.
Property crimes involve theft of property without bodily harm, such as burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson. Like personal crimes, young, urban, poor, and racial minorities generally commit these crimes more than others.
Crimes against morality are also called victimless crimes because there is not complainant, or victim. Prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use are all examples of victimless crimes.
White-collar crimes are crimes that are committed by people of high social status who commit their crimes in the context of their occupation. This includes embezzling (stealing money from one’s employer), insider trading, and tax evasion and other violations of income tax laws. White-collar crimes generally generate less concern in the public mind than other types of crime, however in terms of total dollars; white-collar crimes are even more consequential for society. Nonetheless, these crimes are generally the least investigated and least prosecuted.
Organized crime is crime committed by structured groups typically involving the distribution of illegal goods and services to others. Many people think of the Mafia when they think of organized crime, but the term can refer to any group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises (such as the drug trade, illegal gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or money laundering).
I. Answer the questions.
1. How can crime be defined?
2. Which crimes are called personal crimes?
3. What crimes can be defined as victimless?
4. Which crimes are the least investigated?
5. How do we call the crimes committed by structured groups?
II. Are these statements true or false according to the text?
1. A thought or intention can be called 'a crime'.
2. Personal crimes include robbery.
3. Murder belongs to property crimes.
4. White-collar crimes are committed by high-rank officials.
5. Illegal gambling is usually controlled by organized groups.