The Bank and the Money Supply 6 страница. Fuel n топливо, горючее

Объясните особенности ее перевода.

4. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы. Объясните особенности их перевода, приведите примеры к каждому глаголу.

5. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие причастие I и причастие II. Объясните особенности их перевода, в соответствии с чем систематизируйте их по трем группам.

6. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие степени сравнения прилагательных, расклассифицировав их по двум группам.

7. Подчеркните в тексте все сказуемые и определите их видовременные формы.

Вариант 1

I was born at Number Nineteen, Turnmill Street, London. My mother died when I was five years old. She died fifteen minutes after my sister Polly was born. As my father worked from morning till night, he had no time to look after Polly and me, so he married again soon. He married Mrs Burke, who was much younger and more good-looking than my mother. But I did not like my stepmother and she did not like me. So we began to hate each other; but she did not show her hatred when my father was at home. She beat me very often and she made me work very hard. From morning till night she found work for me to do. I looked after the baby. When she was awake, I took her for a walk, carrying her in my arms, and she was very heavy. I cleaned the rooms, went shopping, etc. There was always work for me to do.

One day a woman came to see my stepmother and they drank a lot of gin. All the money that my father had left for our dinner was spent. When the woman went home, my stepmother said to me in tears, "Oh, what shall I do, Jimmy, dear, what shall I do? Your father will come home soon, and there is no dinner for him. He will beat me cruelly! What shall I do, what shall I do?" I was sorry for her, she had tears in her eyes, and she called me "Jimmy, dear" for the first time. I asked her if I could help her and she said at once, "Oh, yes, you can help me! When your father comes home in the evening, Jimmy, dear, tell him that you lost the money he left for our dinner." "How could I lose it?" I asked in surprise. "You can tell him that I sent you to buy some food. Suddenly a big boy ran against you and the money fell out of your hand and you could not find it. That will be very easy to say, Jimmy, dear, please, say it to your father!" "But he'll give me a good beating for it!" "Oh, no, he won't! I shall not let him beat you, you may be sure! Here is a penny for you, go and buy some sweets with it!"

business n предприятие; фирма

receive v получать

total adj полный; общий

corresponding adj соответственный; соответствующий

offer v (smth to smb) предлагать (что-л. кому-л.)

Словарный комментарий к тексту Factors of Production: Capital and Labour

as follows как следует ниже; следующий

following adj следующий; нижеперечисленный, нижеследующий

capital n капитал

physical capital – физический капитал (фактор производства, обычно представленный машинами, оборудованием и производственными зданиями)

financial capital – финансовый капитал (фактор произ­водства, обычно представленный деньгами)

human capital – человеческий капитал (умение и мастерство, общее или специальное, приобретенные человеком входе профессиональной подготовки и производственного опыта)

fixed capital – основные средства (капитал, вложенный в основные фонды предприятия, т.е. землю и здания, производственные сооружения, машины и оборудование, ин­вестиции в компании-филиалы)

circulating capital – оборотный капитал (часть капитала компании или другой организации, которая задействована в ее торговой деятельности)

labour n труд

labour force – рабочая сила; pl трудовые ресурсы; самодеятельное население; число работающих (напр. на предприятии)

natural adj естественный, природный

natural resources – природные ресурсы

nature n природа

to vary with – различаться в зависимости от; зависеть от

to vary from ... to ... – изменяться, колебаться (в пределах, от ... до ...)

variety n разнообразие

a variety of (factors) – ряд, множество (факторов)

various adj различный, разный; разнообразный

purpose n цель, намерение

for this purpose – с этой целью

equipment n оборудование

raw materials – сырье

raw adj сырой, необработанный

available adj наличный, имеющийся в наличии; (to smb) доступный (кому-л.)

availability n наличие

my stepmother had asked me to tell him. I was not much surprised that he did not believe my story. But my stepmother's words surprised me very much. "Yes, he told me the same thing," she said, "but he is a liar! He has spent your money on sweets. I can't beat him, he is your child, but you can give him a good beating!" And she stood by while my father beat me with his belt till the blood showed. I hated my stepmother so much now that I wanted to see her dead.

Вариант 2

Of all the different ideas that have been started lately, I think that the very best is the notion of celebrating once a year "Mother's Day". We decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. We thought it a fine idea. It made us realize how much Mother had done for us for years, and all the efforts and sacrifices that she had made for our sake.

So we decided that we'd make it a great day, and so we decided to decorate the house with flowers. We asked Mother to do it, because she always does it. Father decided to take a holiday from his office, so as to help in celebrating the day, and my sister Ann and I stayed home from college classes, and Mary and my brother Will stayed home from High School.

The two girls thought it would be a nice thing to dress in our best for such a big occasion, and so they both got new hats. Father had bought silk ties for himself and us boys. We were going to get Mother a new hat too, but it turned out that she liked her old hat better than a new one.

After breakfast we decided that we would hire a motor car and take Mother for a beautiful drive away into the country. Mother is hardly ever able to have a treat like that, because she is busy in the house nearly all the time.

But on the very morning of the day we changed the plan a little bit. We all felt that it would be nicer to have a definite purpose. It turned out that Father had just got a new rod the day before, and he said that Mother could use it if she wanted to: in fact, he said it was practically for her, only Mother said she would rather watch him fish than fish herself.

So we got everything arranged for the trip. Mother cut up some sandwiches and packed all up in a basket for us. When the car came to the door, it turned out that we couldn't all get in. Father said that he could stay at home and work in the garden. There was a lot of dirty work that he could do. He said that he wanted us to be happy and have a big day. The girls said that Mother had only to say the word and they'd gladly stay at home and work.

In the end it was decided that Mother would stay at home and have a lovely restful day round the house. It turned out anyway that Mother didn't care for fishing and also it was just a little bit cold and fresh out-of-doors, though it was lovely and sunny, and Father was afraid that Mother might take cold if she came. So we all drove away and Mother stood and watched us as long as she could see us. We had the loveliest day. Father and the boys fished, the girls met quite a lot of peo­ple. We all had a splendid time.

additional adj дополнительный, добавочный

unit n единица

per [рз(:)] prep на, в (указывает на количество, приходящееся на определенную единицу)

per capita, per head – на человека, на душу населения

expenditure n расходы; сумма, израсходованная для оплаты товаров или услуг

result in v (smth) приводить к (чему-л.), кончаться (чем-л.)

market demand – рыночный спрос, требования рынка; общий объем товара, который требуется по конкретной цене в конкретный момент времени

depend [di'pend] v (on, upon) зависеть (от); обусловливаться

affect v (smth) воздействовать, влиять (на что-л.)

Словарный комментарий к тексту Theory of Supply

outputn продукция; объем

profit n прибыль, доход

in terms of – в смысле; с точки зрения; в отношении; в переводе на

in terms of money – в денежном выражении

revenue n доход

marginal revenue – предельный, маржинальный доход (дополнительный доход, который получит производитель в результате продажи одной дополнительной единицы продукции)

costs n издержки, расходы

marginal costs – предельные, маржинальные издержки (дополнительные издержки при производстве дополнительной единицы продукции)

opportunity costs – альтернативные издержки (выгода, упущенная вследствие неиспользования экономического ресурса в наиболее доходной из всех возможных сфер и отраслей хозяйства)

earn v зарабатывать; приносить доход; быть рентабельным

expenses n затраты, издержки

use v пользоваться, использовать; употреблять

use n 1. употребление, применение; 2. польза

include v (smth in smth) включать (что-л. в состав чего-л.); содержать

to be included in smth – включаться во что-л., являться частью чего-л.

commodity n товар; продукт, предмет потребления

amount n количество; величина; сумма; объем

alternative adj альтернативный; другой

elsewhere adv где-нибудь в другом месте

in particular – в особенности, в частности

own v владеть, обладать, иметь

own adj собственный, свой собственный

owner n 1. собственник; 2. владелец

run (ran , run) v (smth) руководить; управлять (предприятием, учреждением); вести (дело)

forward, but at the end Fa­ther noticed it and said she simply mustn't do it, that he wanted her to spare herself.

When the dinner was over all of us wanted to help clear the things up and wash the dishes, only Mother said that she would really much rather do it.

It was quite late when it was all over, and when we all kissed Mother before going to bed, she said it had been the most wonderful day in her life and I think there were tears in her eyes.

Вариант 3

On the same day Mr. Drummond decided to send me to school. I was given new clothes: a long coat of pepper and salt, yellow leather breeches and a cap. A tin plate was hung upon my breast with No 63 on it. This showed of the boys at the school. I was taken to the school by Mr. Drummond, and before we came there we met the boys all out walking. I was at once put into their ranks and Mr. Drummond went away.

The school had two chiefs – the chief schoolmaster and the chief servant. The master was the more important of the two, and as he will often appear in the pages of my story, I shall describe him in detail. Domine Dobiensis, or Dreary Dobbs, as we called him, was a tall and thin man. He had a long face with a large nose. He was a learned man, because, firstly, he had written a book on Greek grammar, and, secondly, he was fond of solving mathematical problems. At the moment when he was deep in his calculations he did not see or hear anything around him. The boys knew this weakness of their teacher and often said: "The Domine is in his dreams, and talks in his sleep. At a moment like this he quite forgot about the class, and the boys did what they liked. But when the Domine began to blow his nose it was a sure sign that he had returned from his abstraction. The boys stopped their games, opened their books, and silence again fell on the class.

The Domine loved a pun, and he often made puns in English, Greek and Latin. Nobody understood the Greek and Latin puns, and so nobody laughed at them. But that was, probably for the better because the Domine himself was a very serious man and never laughed aloud.

"Jacob Faithful, come here," were the first words that I heard the next morning when I had taken my seat at the farther end of the schoolroom. I rose and walked through two lines of boys to the master's high desk from which he looked down upon me.

"Jacob Faithful, can you read?"

"No, I can't," I replied. "I wish I could."

"A good answer, Jacob: your wish will come true. Do you know your alphabet?"

"I don't know what that is."

"Then you don't know it. Mr. Knapps will teach you. He teaches the beginners. To your studies now."

rise (rose [rouz], risen) – v подниматься; увеличиваться; возрас­тать

fall (fell [fel], fallen) – v падать; опускаться; понижаться

technology – n техника, технология

input – n вложение, вводимый ресурс, затраты, инвестиции

input price – цена ресурсов, цена основных средств производства

improvement – n улучшение, усовершенствование

improve – v улучшать(ся), усовершенствовать(ся)

impose – v (on, upon) устанавливать, облагать (налогом, пошлиной кого-л.), налагать (обязательства, штраф); возлагать (на кого-л.); навязывать (кому-л.)

private – а частный; личный; собственный

Словарный комментарий к тексту Theory of Demand

consumer demand – потребительский спрос

particular adj конкретный, частный, отдельный

vary v меняться, изменяться, варьировать

constant adj постоянный, неизменный; непрерывный

that is – то есть

relationship n отношение; взаимоотношения; связь

assume v предполагать, допускать

assumption n предположение, допущение

number n количество, число

a number of – некоторое количество, ряд

budget constraint – бюджетное ограничение (различные наборы товаров, которые могут быть куплены при данном размере дохода по средним рыночным ценам)

budget n бюджет

maximum n максимум, максимальное значение, высшая степень

maximize v доводить до максимальной величины, увеличивать до предела, максимизировать

maximization n максимизация

utility [ju:'tiliti] n полезность

marginal utility – предельная (маржинальная) полезность (дополнительная полезность, получаемая от потребления дополнительной единицы товаров или услуг)

prefer v (smth to smth) предпочитать (что-л. чему-л.), отдавать предпочтение

obtain v получать, добиваться

rather than – а не ...; скорее (что-то, чем что-то другое)

choice n выбор, отбор

choose (chose, chosen) v выбирать; предпочитать

provided cj часто provided that при условии что, в том случае если, если

maintain v поддерживать, сохранять

follow v (smb/smth) следовать (за кем-л., чём-л.), придерживаться (чего-л.), соблюдать (что-л.)

within prep в, в пределах, в рамках

Domine did not allow him to punish the boys, Mr. Knapps beat them when he remained alone with them in the schoolroom. I have almost nothing else to say of Mr. Knapps, except that he wore a black coat and wiped his pen on his left sleeve and his nose on the right.

Вариант 4

The last half of the XVI and the beginning of the XVII centuries are known as the golden age of English literature. It was the time of the English Renaissance, and some­times it is even called "the age of Shakespeare".

William Shakespeare, the greatest and most famous of English writers, and probably the greatest playwright who has ever lived, was born in Stratford-on-Avon. In spite of his fame we know very little about his life. The things that we know about Shakespeare's life begin with the date when he was baptised in the church of Stratford, on April 26, 1564, when he was only a few days old. So he is believed to have been born on April 23.

Though little is known about William's childhood, there is every reason to believe that he was educated at the local Grammar School. When little over eighteen he married Anne Halthaway of Shottery. William lived in Stratford until he was about twenty-one, when he went to London. We do not know why he left Stratford-on-Avon.

There is a story that Shakespeare's first job in London was holding rich men's horses at the theatre door. But nobody can be sure that this story is true. Later, Shakespeare became an actor and a member of one of the chief acting companies. Soon he began to write plays for this company and in a few years became a well-known author.

One writer of that time said that Shakespeare liked a quiet life, he did not like drunken parties, and was not fond of being invited to the court. "If he was invited to the court, he was in pain."

Shakespeare's experience as an actor (although he usually acted only small parts, like the Ghost in Hamlet) helped him greatly in the writing of his plays. His knowledge of the stage and his poetical genius made his plays the most wonderful ones ever written.

Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. Among them there are deep tragedies, such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, light comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor, All's Well That Ends Well, Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, historical dramas, such as Henry IV, Richard III

Most of Shakespeare's plays were not published in his lifetime. So some of them may have been lost in the fire when the "Globe" burned down in 1613.

Shakespeare spent the last years of his life at Stratford, where he died in 1616. He was buried in the church of Stratford. A monument was erected to the memory of the great playwright in the Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Вариант 5

regulation n регулирование

government regulation – государственное регулирование

both adj pron оба, обе; и тот и другой

importance n важность, значение

to be of importance – быть важным, иметь (большое) значение

Словарный комментарий к тексту Demand and Supply

quantity – n количество; размер; величина

buy – (bought [bo:t], bought) v покупать, приобретать

buyer – n покупатель

demand– v (smth) требовать (что-л.), нуждаться в (чем-л.)

supply – n предложение (товара)

excess supply – избыточное, чрезмерное предложение, перенасыщенность рынка

supply – v предлагать; снабжать; поставлять

to supply smb with smth – поставлять что-либо кому-либо

to supply smth to smb – снабжать кого-либо чем-либо

sell (sold [sould], sold) – v продавать(ся)

seller ['sela] n продавец

equilibrium – n равновесие, равновесное состояние, положение равновесия

equilibrium price – равновесная цена

producer – n производитель, изготовитель

consumer – n потребитель

consume – v потреблять

shortage – n дефицит, нехватка, недостаточность предложения (товаров)

raise – v повышать; увеличивать; поднимать

surplus – n избыток, излишек

reduce – v понижать; уменьшать; сокращать

reduction – n (in smth) снижение, уменьшение, сокращение (чего-л.)

influence – v (smth) оказывать влияние, влиять (на что-л.)

influence – n влияние, воздействие

income – n доход(ы), прибыль, поступления

increase – n (in smth) увеличение, рост, возрастание, прирост (чего-л.)

increase – v увеличивать(ся), повышать(ся); расти; усиливать(ся)

substitute good – товар-заменитель (спрос на который изменяется в противоположном направлении по сравнению со спросом на другой товар, цена на который изменилась)

substitute – n (for smth) заменитель (чего-л.)

decrease – n (in smth) уменьшение, понижение, снижение (чего-л.)

decrease – v уменьшать(ся), снижать(ся), убывать

complement good – товар-дополнение (спрос на который изменяется в том же направлении, что и спрос на некоторые другие товары, цены на которые измени­лись)

normal good – товар стандартного качества

inferior good – товар низкого качества

and Africa. They knew nothing about such a big continent as America.

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