Ex. 9. Translate into Russian

1. Since considerable trouble and expense may be involved in changing prices, firms prefer to set

and maintain a price for a given period.

2. Since the price of shares change from day to day, a seller might receive more or less than he

or she paid for them.

3. Since the 1960s there has been an increasing tendency to move from densely populated city

centres to the outer suburbs and the country.

4. The years since the Second World War have seen a very substantial reduction in the trade

barriers.

5. Since it came into being, the EEC has made substantial progress.

Text 2

COMMAND OR PLANNED ECONOMY

VOCABULARY

to own – владеть

amount – количество

direction – руководство

to take decision – принимать решение

private property – личная собственность

to pass orders – отдавать приказы

to expand - расширять

complicated– сложный

a number of common features – ряд

общих черт

five years ahead – на пять лет вперед

to set a plan– устанавливать план

production target – производственное

задание

advantages – преимущества

disadvantages– недостатки

to ensure – гарантировать

to meet the needs – удовлетворять

потребности

incentive– побудительный мотив

to fix wages – устанавливать зарплату

profits– прибыль, доход

to respond to changes – реагировать на

изменения

to underproduce - недопроизводить

to predict – предсказывать, предвидеть

delays and queues - перебои (с

товарами) и очереди

to overproduce – перепроизводить

Planned economy is sometimes called “command economy” because the state plans and controls the use of resources (such as labour and factories) that are used to produce goods and services as a state owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economy is an economy with a largeamount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions. There might be no private property at all. For example, in the former Soviet Union state planners decided what was to be produced and in what quantities. They passed orders down to factories, allocating raw materials, workers, and other factors of production to them. Factories were then told how much they should produce with these resources and where they should be sent. The workers are told where to work and what work to perform.

Planning of this kind is very difficult, very complicated to do, and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features. In such a system the state decides what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. The planners set the plan and each industry and factory is set a production target.

A planned economy is simple to understand but not simple to operate. It does, however, have a number of advantagesand disadvantages.

Advantages:

Everyone in society receives enough goods and services to enjoy a basic standard of living.
There should be work for everybody.
The state can use its control of the economy. It can ensure that everyone receives a good education and proper health care.
The needsof the population are met, but there is little production of luxury goods for the wealthy.

Disadvantages:

There is no incentive for individuals to work hard in planned economies as the government fixes wages and private property is not allowed.
Any profits that are made are paid to the government.
Citizens cannot start their own businesses and so new ideas seldom come forward and this leads to low efficiency.
The government may not produce goods which people want to buy.

A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies are slow when responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Consumers have little choice because planners sometimes underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. This leads to delays and queues for some products. Conversely, some products, which are out of fashion and unattractive, may be overproduced.

The clearest example of command economies is the communist systems which exist in China and existed in Eastern European countries before 1989. Even China is now introducing economic changes which involve less state control. There is now much more freedom of choice than before and some private property and trading are allowed.

WORD STUDY

Ex. 10. Study the different meaning of the word “item” and use it to translate the

Sentences.

item n - 1. предмет, товар, изделие

2. пункт, статья

3. сообщение (в газете)

4. вопрос

5. название, номер

1. Let us know what items of the equipment are most liable to damage (подвержены повреждениям).

2. Another large item of expenditure in that country is defence.

3. Some items were supplied in increased quantities.

4. They proceeded with the tests of the above-mentioned item in accordance with the terms of the contract.