Видо-временные формы глагола в действительном залоге
| Время (Tense) | Характеристика действия (вид) (Aspect) | |||
| простое (регулярное), констатация факта (Simple, or Indefinite) | длительное (незаконченное), процесс (Continuous, or Progressive) | завершённое (Perfect) | завершённо-длительное (Perfect +Continuous) | |
   Настоящее (Present) | V, Vs Do / Does (ask / asks) | am is Ving are (asking) | have (has) + V3 (have / has asked) | have (has) been Ving (have / has been asking) |
  Прошедшее (Past) | V-ed Did (asked) | was Ving were (asking) | had V3 (had asked) | had been Ving (asking) |
| Будущее (Future) | will / shall V (’ll ask) | will / shall be Ving (asking) | will have V3 (asked) | - |
Примечание. 1. Формы глагола: V – неопределенная форма (Infinitive), V2 – форма простого прошедшего времени (Past Indefinite), V3 – причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II).
2. Прошедшее время стандартных глаголов образуется путём прибавления суффикса -edи совпадает по форме с причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II).
3. Нестандартные глаголы образуют формы V2, V3 не по общему стандарту. Эти формы надо учить наизусть (таблица неправильных глаголов).
Видо-временные формы английского глагола в страдательном залоге
| Tense (время) | Вид (aspect) | ||
| Indefinite (Simple) | Continuous (Progressive) | Perfect | |
     Present | (I) am He / she / it is V3 We / you / they are | am is being V3 are | have / has been V3 |
    Past | was V3 were | was being V3 were | had been V3 |
    Future | shall V3 will | shall have been V3 will |
Примечания.
1. Глагол в страдательном залоге означает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим.
2. Все формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи глагола to be в соответствующей видо-временной форме (см. гл.7) и Participle II смыслового глагола. Для стандартных глаголов причастие II совпадает с V2, для нестандартных глаголов – V3.
3. Страдательный залог употребляется, как правило, в тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее действие, не имеет значения. Предлог, вводящий субъекта действия, – «by»,орудие действия – «with».
Примеры. The next morning I was awakened by the telephone. – На следующее утро меня разбудил телефон.
Law is also made by courts. – Право также создаётся судами.
St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I in 1703. – Санкт-Петербург был основан Петром I в 1703 году.
When was the doctor sent for? – Когда послали за доктором?
Задания для самоконтроля
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную видо-временную форму действительного залога.
1. My elder sister (to have) a music lesson. She always (to have) a music lesson on Friday.
2. Who (to sing) in the next room?
3. Father (to read) a newspaper. He usually (to read) something before going to bed.
4. Mother (to cook) breakfast in the kitchen. She always (to cook) in the mornings.
5. Who you (to wait) for? – I (to wait) for Ann, we must leave in the minutes.
6. It often (to rain) in autumn.
7. (not to go) out, it (to rain) heavily.
8. You (to understand) the use of the Present Indefinite and the Present Continuous quite well?
9. What you (to write)? You (to make) notes about the two present tenses?
10. Why you (to smile), Kitty?
11. I often (to meet) you at the corner of this street. You (to wait) anybody?
12. We (to walk) in silence for a long time. Nobody (to want) to speak
13. He (to wait) here for some time, but nobody (to come).
14. I just (to have) breakfast when the telephone (to ring).
15. I (to speak) to her several times, but she (to read) and (not to hear) me.
16. Ann (to drop) two cups when she (to wash) up last night, but neither of the cups (to break).
17. The old man who (to sit) beside me (to keep) silence .
18. He (to remember) the days when he first (to go) to college.
19. We (to talk) about Jim when he (to run) into the room.
20. I (to stand) at the window for some time; the sun (to shine) and I (to decide) to go for a walk.
21. She (to teach) Russian for three years when she (to live) in France.
Поставьте глаголы в соответствующую видо-временную форму страдательного залога.
1. They often invite me to their parties.
2. People speak English in different parts of the world.
3. One uses milk for making butter.
4. We form the Passive Voice with the help of the verb “to be”.
5. They build a lot of houses in this district every year.
6. People speak much of him.
7. They built this house in 1997.
8. Somebody locked the front door.
9. They punished the boy for that.
10. They showed me the way to the Academy.
11. They recommended us several articles on Criminal Law.
12. Our students won the sport competition.
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную видо-временную форму страдательного залога.
1. I (ask) at the lesson yesterday.
2. Many houses (build) in our town every year.
3. This work (do) tomorrow.
4. Basketball (play) all year round.
5. Many houses (burn) during the Great Fire in London.
6. Moscow (found) in 1147.
7. This question (settle) as soon as they arrive.
8. The answer to this question can (find) in the encyclopedia.
9. When I came home, the sweets (eat).
10. America’s first college, Harvard, (found) in Massachusetts in 1636.
11. The bridge (reconstruct) by tomorrow morning.
3. Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие, герундий)
(см. грамматические комментарии ниже)
Задания для самоконтроля
Переведите слова в скобках, используя правильнее формы причастий
1. The textbooks (написанные) some years ago are not useful now.
2. The book (обсуждаемая) now will be published in some months.
3. (Создавая) this book the author took into consideration new scientific discoveries.
4. (После того как она была написана), the book was published several times.
5. She went away (оставив) him alone.
6. Special attention should be paid to the experiments (проводимые) now in Сriminalistics.
Поставьте там, где нужно частицу to
1. I like…read books but now I’d rather …go for a walk.
2. You have…take part in the conference.
3. We heard the prosecutor…make speech.
4. We must…do something; we can’t go on living like that.
5. The next step is…double our efforts.
Определите, какой частью речи являютcя ing-формы и переведите предложения.
1. We spend much more time speaking than writing or reading.
2. And who is to be responsible for breaking laws?
3. While holding the seminar the professor spoke about his practical experience.
4. Learning to compare is learning to think.
5. The test being carried out is of great significance.
6. Generally speaking the problem is not so easy as it seems to be.
7. Trying the case the judge came across a number of difficulties.
8. The officer investigating a criminal case must be very attentive at
the crime scene.
II. Задания для групповых семинарских занятий
1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите, какие изученные грамматические явления Вы обнаружили.
1. To fight crime successfully we must know laws well.
2. As our meeting was to be held at 5 p.m. we had to finish our work earlier than usual.
3. All government in America has the dual (двойственный) character of both Federal and State Government.
4. Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
5. This work will have been done by the end of the week.
6. All citizens are obliged to observe laws.
7. The Supreme Court justices are nominated by the President but must be approved by the Senate.
8. The new family code is not published yet.
9. After sleeping for about an hour he was awakened by a loud voice.
10. I dislike being disturbed.
11. Do you mind my smoking here?
12. There is no possibility that we shall see him this week.
13. This act being a minor offence, the offender was brought before the magistrate's court.
14. The sentence of the court was three years' imprisonment.
15. The judges ought to act according to the law.
16. If the government wishes, a new trial with a new jury can be held.
17. That offence being defined as misdemeanor, the punishment for it is a fine.
18. The expert proved both crimes to have been committed by the same person.
19. No one can be deprived (лишен) of freedom unless sentenced by a court.
20. As neither the procurator nor the defendant made any appeals to a higher court, the sentence acquired legal force.
21. The prosecutor is preparing to speak on the case tried by the county court.
22. Fingerprints are known to have been used as evidence since ancient times.
23. His advocate representing him at the trial, the accused did not make any statement himself.
24. That question was discussed at the previous conference.
25. The regional courts hear and determine cases that are similar in character to those tried by district courts but which are of a more serious nature.
5. Подготовьте чтение и перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы после текста
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Administrative law is concerned with public authorities. It comprises the law relating to the formation, powers and duties of such authorities and the procedures involved when they are formed or where their powers are exercised, or duties fulfilled. It is also concerned with the relationships between such public authorities, between the authorities and their employers and between them and the public at large.
Administrative law can be seen as a network of controls over the use of public powers, but it also provides the means by which the workload of public authorities can be successfully achieved. It provides the means for getting things done.
The public authorities in question extend from the Crown through the nationalized industries, the Commission for Racial Equality, ACAS (the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitrian Service), the BBC and Independent Broadcasting. Authority, local government, and many others, including the maze of administrative tribunals are set up, among other things, to settle disputes about the use of public power.
Notes
public authorities – власти
the procedures involved – задействованные процедуры
powers are exercised – полномочия осуществляются
at large – в целом
workload – объём работ
in question – зд. о которых идет речь, обсуждаемые
Conciliation – разрешительная комиссия
the maze – зд. сложная система
1. What is administrative law concerned with?
2. Can administrative law be seen as a network of controls over the use of public powers? Prove it.
3. Подготовьте чтение и перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы после текста
THE LAW OF TORTS
Tort: wrongful act that causes injury to a person or property and for which the law allows a claim under civil law, the law in the United States that governs the relationships between individuals - for example, marriage, contracts, or injuries. The civil law concerning torts attempts to remedy injuries suffered by individuals or corporations by forcing the party who caused the harm to compensate the victim. In contrast, criminal law governs the relationship between the government (state) and the individual and punishes a person who acts in a way considered harmful to society as a whole.
Both torts and contracts are governed by civil law, but the duty that exists between the person who commits a tort and the person injured does not result from an agreement or contract. In other words, a person does not have to form a contract with another person in order to prevent that person from assaulting him or her. Instead, society requires that individuals act in certain ways and requires them to provide compensation if they injure someone because they failed to act in the required manner.
In the 1990s lawsuits based on tort made up nearly half of all lawsuits in the United States. Over 1.5 million tort claims are filed every year in the United States. The majority of tort cases involve automobile accidents, medical malpractice, or defective products.
Notes
law of torts – деликтное право
tort – гражданское правонарушение, деликт, проступок
wrongful act – проступок, правонарушение, деликтный вред
to cause injury – причинять вред, наносить ущерб, телесное повреждение
to govern the relationships between individuals – регулировать отношения между частными лицами
to remedy injuries – возмещать ущерб (вред)
to suffer injuries – пострадать от ущерба, вреда, телесного повреждения
to force – принуждать
to cause the harm – наносить вред
to compensate – компенсировать, возмещать
victim – жертва
to punish – наказывать
…who acts in a way considered harmful to society – кто действует таким
образом, который считается наносящим вред обществу
to commit a tort – совершать правонарушение
to result from – проистекать из
to form a contract – заключить контракт
to assault – нападать, словесно оскорблять, угрожать физическим насилием
to provide compensation – обеспечивать компенсацию
in the required manner – требуемым образом
lawsuit – судебный иск
automobile accidents – автокатастрофы
medical malpractice – преступная небрежность врача, профессиональная некомпетентность врача
defective products – некачественные товары
1. What is a tort?
2. What is law of torts concerned with?
3. What is the difference between civil law and law of torts?
4. What are most typical tort claims?
4. Подготовьте чтение и перевод текста. Ответьте на вопросы после текста
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Constitutional law, the law of the British constitution, is often said to be unwritten in the sense that there is no single document in Britain called 'The Constitution'. However, every British protectorate and colony has one, and so does nearly every country in the world. The reasons for this state of affairs are historical. There has been no fresh start after a revolution or other landmark in our history, unlike in the United States or Malaysia. Nevertheless, there are many documents from which the British constitutional law can be collected. There are Acts of Parliament, like the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701, the Act of Union with Scotland 1707 and the European Communities Act of 1972, all of which contain major rules of constitutional law. Rules of more detailed importance are to be found in such statutes as the Representation of the People Acts 1983 and 1985, the Peerage Act 1963, the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 and the Local Government Act 1988, among many others. It seems that every year statutes are made which add to the constitutional law.
Further to this the law is found in common law rules such as the fundamental rule which pronounces that Parliament is sovereign, a rule now affected by the European Communities Act 1972. Furthermore there is a collection of conventions which applies to the constitution and there are the residual powers within the royal prerogative. Finally there exists the law and custom of Parliament itself, concerning its functions, procedures, privileges and immunities. This, then, is the subject matter of constitutional law.
Notes
the residual powers – оставшиеся полномочия
the royal prerogative – право прерогативы короны
immunity – неприкосновенность
1. From which documents can the British constitutional law be collected?
2. Can constitutional law be found in common law rules?
3. Is there a collection applied to constitutions?
Контрольная работа
Вариант 1