Labeling of consumer and transport packaging

The work purpose: study of the requirements of GOST s products fruit and vegetable crops and mushrooms, as raw material for the processing industry, in terms of their requirements for containers and packaging

The theoretical part

The main purpose of the packaging is the prevention of mechanical damage during transportation, storage, implementation, ease of handling, the use of loading and unloading mechanisms

Containers for packaging fruits and vegetables categorized:

♦ by type of materials: wood, cardboard, polymer, metal, textile;

♦ design: boxes, boxes-trays, boxes, bags, nets, packets, grills, baskets.

Fruit and vegetable containers should be sound, clean, no mold should not peel off and warp should not be solid.

For packaging potatoes, root vegetables, cabbage use the containers placed on the pallet box that can be metal or wood and metal. The capacity of 250-300 kg. containers the Use of containers allows to mechanize loading and unloading, to eliminate the handling of products, to protect it from mechanical damage, to load the products in the field of harvest.

For packaging and transportation of fruits and vegetables is used mainly slatted, wooden, plank and Provo-lacourtiana boxes, boxes made of polymer materials, cardboard boxes.

The last two species have a number of advantages over wooden packaging. Polymer packaging is the most hygienic, aesthetic, resistant to any external influences. It is reusable, easily cleaned and disinfected. Paperboard, although a single use, but it is lighter than wood, easily disposed of. She has the sides of the hole, allowing the exchange of air. Currently produce waterproof cardboard, the packaging of which may last a few years.

For packaging of certain types of vegetables, root crops, onion is a gentle textile packagings and containers made of polymeric materials (bags, nets) with a capacity of 30-50 kg for greens, radishes use bags made of polyethylene film weight of up to 1-5 kg are transported in containers or in bulk. The potatoes are transported in containers in baskets, boxes-cages, bags, sacks Potatoes Packed in boxes according to ST 13359-84, box pallets according to ST 21133-87, fabric bags - on 8516-78 ST, ST 19317-73 or net bags.

During the mass of work pieces and potatoes transported in bulk. Carrots, beets and other root vegetables are Packed in crates and containers, and for current consumption — in a soft container or shipped without containers(in bulk). Young root vegetables with greens Packed in baskets and boxes of cells to 20 kg, cabbage of early and middle — boxes not more than 40 kg and containers(autumn permitted average and late cabbage in bulk). Onion, garlic placed in boxes — cages and soft containers up to 50 kg;melons and watermelons in containers and cells(watermelons can be carried in on a soft Mat when load height is not more than 130 cm);cucumbers and tomatoes — in boxes with a capacity of 30 kg(cucumbers) and 12 kg (tomatoes)

Vegetables in containers are placed in bulk. Tomatoes and cucumbers to be Packed into containers of dense rows.Young beets with greens, leeks, onions (green pen),leafy vegetables are placed loosely, in regular rows(greens to greens,root to root). Each packaging unit is placed fruits and vegetables pomology or one economic-Botanical varieties of the same maturity, one commercial grade(if the fruits are divided into classes),the same or similar size. Packed fruit and vegetables should not have wet surfaces.

In addition, the packaging packaging materials used: wood shavings, paper, and fruit wrapping, rice hulls - for apples, pears, strips of cardboard - citrus, peaches, tomatoes, vermiculite and sphagnum moss - for apples, carrots. Smart packaging can be considered a cellular strip of pressed cardboard or plastic. This packaging is used for the kiwi, peaches.

Currently widespread, the implementation of fruit and vegetables in Packed form. This allows you to preserve the freshness. Such packaging is pallet wrapped in soft transparent film or a fully brewed the package of plastic film. Films for the manufacture of packaging for vegetables and fruits to meet a number of requirements: attractive appearance (high transparency, gloss, absence of turbidity), heat sealability, high mechanical properties, particularly permeability. The need for a high gas permeability due to the fact that fresh fruits and vegetables, placed in the package, breathe, consume oxygen, produce carbon dioxide, water vapor. As a result of breathing air composition inside the package changes, is modified. In fully sealed packaging occurs anaerobic atmosphere with high humidity, is detrimental to the product. Therefore, together with the packaged product needs to "breathe" and packaging, allowing certain amounts of gases, as from the packaging, and inside her. Films for such packaging is called "breathing".

The best polymers in the production of breathable films are films of plasticized PVC and particularly of transparent styrene-butadiene copolymers (SBS).

Packing mushrooms. The mushrooms must be Packed in such a manner as to ensure proper preservation and security.

Containers used for the packaging of mushrooms, must be clean, dry, pest-infected and not have any extraneous smell.

The materials used for the packaging of mushrooms, as well as ink or glue used for the printing or labeling has been done, must be non-toxic and provide contact with the products maintaining their quality and safety.

The best results can be obtained when using packing with rigid walls made of impact resistant polystyrene or plastic trays.

Mushrooms are collected in trays and cartons, and then Packed in small consumer containers, plastic bags and trays weighing up to 1 kg and plastic boxes weighing up to 6 kg

Mushrooms shall be Packed tightly and compactly, but not to be pressed at a depth of no more than 15 cm Free installation leads to friction when you move the mushrooms, but too tight to damage them from being crushed. Both types of damage lead to changes in flower and deterioration of mushrooms.

Packaged in small consumer containers mushrooms are Packed in shipping containers or containers. Containers should be covered with perforated polystyrene or stretch film to avoid moisture loss.

For consumer and transport packaging of mushrooms is also used packaging equipment and materials in accordance with ST R 51289, ST R 51760, 52579 ST R, ST R 52903, ST 9142, 10354 ST, ST 13511, 21133 ST, ST 21650, ST 24831, ST 26663.

Marking of fungi - according to GOST R 51074, 51474 GOST R, GOST 14192.

The indelible marking is applied, nephroma, non-toxic paint.

Labeling of consumer packages of fresh mushrooms - according to GOST R 51074 stating:
- the product name;
- the name and location of the manufacturer (the legal address, including country, and when the discrepancy between the legal address, address of production and organization in the Russian Federation authorized by the manufacturer to accept claims from consumers in its territory (if any);
- trademark of the manufacturer (if available);
- net weight;
- Botanical varieties (if necessary)
- commercial grade (when available)
- date of harvest and date of packing;
longer shelf - life;
- the storage conditions;
- designation of this standard;
- information on conformity.

Marking of transport containers according to GOST 14192, GOST R 51474 with application of manipulation sign "Perishable cargo".