Past Perfect and Modal Verbs

1. As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, he saw that the students had already written a composition.
2. When Brown came to school in 1950, Green had already been working there for 5 years.
3. By 3 o’clock he had answered only half the letters he had received that morning.
4. In 1950 he had been married for 10 years.
5. On reaching the station , he found that his friends had just arrived.
6. When he came to England in 1952, he had already learnt to speak English well.
7. The driver was just about to start when he remembered that he had not filled the petrol tank.
8. We had got everything ready for them long before they arrived.
9. They had been to several parties during the Christmas holidays.
10. I was told that they had left the district a few months before.
11. He asked me where I had been and what I had been doing.
12. They told me that Smith had died two days before.
13. When he had his supper he went to bed.
14. As soon as they had finished breakfast, they ran out to play.
15. We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.
16. I had meant to call on you, but was prevented from doing it.
17. She had thought of paying us a visit but the bad weather made change her plans.
18. They had wanted to help us, but couldn’t get here in time.
19. I hadn’t for a minute supposed that I should get the first prize.

Ex.8

MODAL VERBS

1. You are always to knock before you enter my room.
2. You are to write your name at the top of each paper.
3. Mother told me I was not to speak to strange men.
4. You can’t play football in the park today.
5. Will you be back early this evening?
6. Could I have this dictionary, please?
7. Can I see your railway time-table?
8. May I trouble you to pass the salt?
9. You might make a little less noise.
10. We you be so kind as to help me with the luggage?
11. We are to be married in May.
12. Jim and Marry are to meet us at the station.
13. You must do as you are told.
14. Soldiers must obey orders without questions.
15. We are to be there at 9 o’clock.
16. Military service is compulsory in many countries.
17. Is there any need for haste?
18. Must you go so soon? - Yes, I must.
19. He didn’t need to be reminded about it.
20. You needn’t have harried.
21. He’s so rich that he doesn’t have to work.
22. You don’t have to go to the University 7 days a week, do you?
23. You ought to start at once.
24. He ought to have been ashamed of his behavior.
25. You shouldn’t laugh at his mistakes.
26. You ought to have helped them.
27. You ought to have been more careful.
28. The weather has been excellent and we may expect a good harvest.
29. Tom asked his father whether he could go to the cinema.
30. And who may you be?
31. Your father must be nearly 80 now.
32. You must have been enjoying yourselves.
33. They left at 9, so they ought to have arrived by now.
34. It may rain tomorrow.
35. That may or may not be true.
36. I may be away from home tomorrow.
37. He might have been hurt.
38. You might have asked me to your wedding!
39. The news can’t be true!
40. The box was so heavy, that I couldn’t lift it.
41. Ht said he couldn’t come to the meeting.
42. He seemed to be unable to give up his bad habits.
43. I shall not be able to help you.
44. As he has behaved badly, he must be punished.
45. He didn’t tell me where he had been but I knew though.
46. I needn’t have put on my thick coat.
47. You needn’t to come there until 9.
48. Umbrellas must be left downstairs.
49. Visitors mustn’t feed the animals.
50. You must be tired.
51. They must have gone home.
52. How dare you say that!
53. I daren’t go there again.
54. When she was 12 she could read Latin.
55. You shouldn’t give the baby scissors to play with.

Ex.9

Participle I and II

1. Some stamps collected by him are very curious.

2. At last she saw the man, saved her sun.

3. Some questions, touched upon in the report are worth careful consideration.

4. I want the letter posted at once.

5. I had the suit cleaned.

6. She has had her handbag stolen.

7. The general had two horses shot under him.

8. The soldier had his left leg amputated.

9. King Charles I had his head cut off.

10. Some of the houses had their windows broken.

11. We have had our house broken into by thieves.

12. We have the enemy almost surrounded.

13. They have scarcely any money saved for their old age

14. If treated by a good doctor the sick man will recover.

15. If treated by an experienced doctor the sick man began to feel better.

16. Supported unanimously, the project was approved.

17. The situation being favorable they bought the shares.

Complex Subject.

Verbs in Passive

To say, to suppose, to expect, to report, to know, to assume, to consider, to prove, to find, to seem, to appear, to turn out, to happen, to be likely, sure, certain.

Предложения такого типа рассматриваются обычно как содержащие составное именное сказуемое, которое состоит из глагола- связки и прилагательного или существительного. В состав этой конструкции может входить существительное или местоимение ,следующее обычно за глаголом, а в случае эмфазы оказывающееся в начале предложения.

Мнение, суждение или предположение группы неопределенных лиц о ком –либо или чем-либо можно выразить двумя способами:

1) сложноподчиненным предложением со сложным подлежащим, в состав которого входит имя существительное или местоимение в именительном падеже + инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола с частицей to)

Подлежащее сказуемое инфинитив

The oil value is said (supposed, expected, assumed, reported, considered, proved, found) to change, to be changing, to have changed.

Сказуемое английского предложения переводится на русский вводным безличным предложением.

Известно (предполагается, допускается, сообщается, доказано, найдено ), что стоимость нефти изменится (меняется, изменилась).

В действительном залоге часто применяются такие глаголы как

Seem, appear, turn out, prove – по-видимому, оказывается .

To be (un)likely, to be (un)sure), to be (uncertain) (мало)вероятно, безусловно, непременно.

В следующих предложениях инфинитив важнее личного глагола.

I fail to see what you mean. Не понимаю, что вы имеете в виду.

We happened to be there.

I chanced to meet him in the park.

He appeared to enjoy the concert.

They seemed not to notice it.

The swimmer failed to reach the shore .

Ex.10

Training exercise (participle and gerund)

1. Not having found what he wanted he slowly went out.

2. The young man took the form, then put it on the table without filling it in.

3. Not knowing what to answer, he kept silent.

4. He sat in the hall without taking off his coat.

5. Without turning round, he answered us rudely.

6. Not loving (caring for) him, she couldn’t be jealous of him.

7. Not wishing to leave him alone, I invited him to my place.

8. It was very cold in the room and the children slept without taking off their clothes.

9. Not knowing the password, I wanted to pass them by unobserved.

Ex.11

Training exercises with infinitive constructions

1. Here are the papers to be signed.
2. Jean has nothing to be displeased with.
3. There is the time element to be considered.
4. Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest things in the nicest way.
5. His instructions seem to be ignored.
6. Our new colleague turned out to be unusually quiet .
7. They want their chief to be removed from the office.
8. Have somebody clear it up.
9. Have someone raise the question if you are not coming yourself.
10. Why don’t you have your assistant do the job?
11. I consider him the best writer living.

Ex.12

Complex Subject

1. He seemed surprised at the news.

2. He seemed much older.

3. This seems to be an important point.

4. The situation seemed to us quite hopeless.

5. This appears to be the only exception to the rule.

6. To me his new book does not appear (to be) so good as his earlier book on this subject.

Ex.13

Transform the sentences, using Complex Subject

1. We didn’t expect that the matter would be so complicated.

2. Why do you think nobody expected that the exhibition would attract so many visitors?

3. Nobody expected that such an enormous sum would be offered for the picture at the auction.

4. Nobody expected that the situation would be so dangerous.

5. Nobody expected that so much damage would be done by the flood.

6. We didn’t expect that the weather would be so changeable.

7. We expect that the time and date will be convenient for everybody.

8. I didn’t expect that they would quarrel over such an unimportant thing.

Ex.14

Infinitive constructions

1. There was nobody to speak with.

2. There is nothing to apologize for.

3. There was a lot of people to consult.

4. There is nothing to worry about.

5. There is nothing to be afraid of.

6. There is nothing to speak about.

7. There is nothing to argue about.

8. There is nothing to be surprised at.

9. There is nothing to laugh at.

10. There is nothing interesting to speak about.

11. I have got no idea how to get there.

12. I have got no idea what to do next.

13. I have got no idea whom to consult with.

14. I have got no idea what to begin with.

15. Why not try to persuade him?

16. Why not suggest something else?

17. Why don’t you apologize to her?

18. This teacher is expected to teach you psychology and sociology.

19. The child likes to be read fairy-tales.

20. She is happy to have been invited to the party.

21. I’m sorry to disturb you.

22. He was glad to have been given permission to leave.

23. She is glad to have been cured.

24. He is sorry to have excepted the invitation.

25. He was sorry not to have taken the chance.

26. He was glad not to have been noticed.

Read and translate the text. POPULATION OF GREAT BRTA1N.

The people who now inhabit the British Isles are descended mainly from the people who inhabited them nearly 9 centuries ago. The English nation was formed as a result of the native population of the British Isles- the pre-Celts and the Celts with the invaders: the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, the Danes, the Normans.

Today in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland English is the language predominantly spoken.

In number of population Great Britain holds one the first places among European countries. The English make up over 4/5 of the total population of the country. They inhabit England proper and many of them live in industrial cities of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The proportion of the Scotsmen, Welshmen and Irishmen is about 15 per cent. This group includes foreigners too. The inhabitants of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have preserved their culture originality and to a certain degree their languages (in Wales and Scotland), but practically all speak English.

In general about half the population lives in a belt across England with south Landcashire and west Yorkshire at one end, and the London area at the other; having the industrialized Midlands at its center.

Other areas with large populations are:-the central lowlands of Scotland; north-east England from north of the river Tyne down to the river Tees; south-west Wales; the Bristol area; and the English Channel coast from Pool in Dorset east-wards. Less densely populated areas are the eastern fringes of England between the Wash and the Thames estuary, and the far south-west .

There is no country in the world which has such a great percentage of workers and employees as it is in Britain. They comprise 92 per cent of the gainfully occupied population. According to the official report 1 per cent of the population of Great Britain owns 25 per cent of private property in the country and 5 per cent of the population owns 50 per cent of the property. At the same time 80 per cent of the population owns less of the national wealth than 1 per cent of the population.

Today the total working population is over 26 million of which workers and employees comprise about 22 million, the self-employed (that is owners of big and small enterprises, farmers, etc.) exceed l.5mln.

The most notable trend in the employment pattern during the last years has been the growth of people employed in services. This is. a typical feature which is observed in all developed countries. Such developments reflect improved labor efficiency in industry, a change of employment patterns caused by growth of high technology industries and comparative decline of the old traditional industries. Hence surplus labor is released, much of it can be directed to services. Another important factor is the growth of the role of science and technology in the life of the economy. International tourism also boosted the development of the service sector. There is an industrial organization which deals with the problems of management, industry, labor relations, reemployment The organization is known as the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) with the central headquarters and local organizations all over the country.

TALKING POINTS

1 .What are the main languages spoken in Great Britain today? 2.How large is the population of Great Britain?

3.How densely is the country populated?

4.Discuss the distribution of the population.

5.Give a detailed account of the class social structure of British society. 6.Speak about civil employment

ECONOMIC OUTLINE OF A COUNTRY

Text A: British economy

Britain lives by manufacture and trade. For every person employed in agriculture eleven people are employed in mining, manufacturing and building. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s largest exporters of manufactured goods per head of population.

Apart from coal and iron ore Britain has very few natural resources and mostly depends on imports. Its agriculture provides only half the food it needs. The other half and most of the raw materials for its industries such as oil and various metals (copper, zink, uranium ore and others) have to be imported. Britain also has to import timber, cotton, fruit and farm products.

Britain used to be richly forested, but most of the forests were cut down to make more room for cultivation. The greater part of land is used for cattle and sheep breeding, and pig raising. Among the crops grown on the farms are wheat, barley and oats. The fields are mainly in the eastern part of the country. Most of the farms are small (one third of them is less than one hundred acres). Farms tend to be bigger where the soil is less fertile.

In the 19th century Britain secured a leading position in the world as manufacturer, merchant and banker. After World War I the world demand for the products of Britain’s traditional industries—textiles, coal and machinery—fell off, and Britain began expanding trade in new engineering products and electrical goods.

The crisis of 1929—1933 brought about mass unemployment, which reached its peak in 1932. Britain’s share in the world industrial output decreased. After the crisis production and employment increased following some revival in world trade and as a result of the extensive armament program.

During World War II Britain’s economy was fully employed in the war effort. Massed raids of German planes on British industrial centres caused considerable damage to Britain’s industry. World War II brought about a further weakening of Britain’s might. Great Britain is no longer the leading imperialist power it used to be. It has lost its colonies which used to supply it with cheap raw materials.

Britain produces high quality expensive goods, which has always been characteristic of its industry. A shortage of raw materials, as well as the high cost of production makes it unprofitable for British industry to produce semi-finished goods or cheap articles. Britain mostly produces articles requiring skilled labour, such as precision instruments, electronic equipment, chemical and high quality consumer goods. Britain produces and exports cotton and woolen goods, leather goods, and articles made of various kinds of synthetic (man-made) materials.

The original basis of British industry was coalmining, and the early factories grew up not far from the main mining areas. Glasgow and Newcastle became great centres of engineering and shipbuilding. Lancashire produced cotton goods and Yorkshire woolens, with Sheffild concentrating on iron and steel. Bermingham developed light engineering. There appeared a tendency for industry and population to move to the south, particularly to the London area. (Britain’s industry is now widely dispersed.) Great progress was made in the development of new industries, such as the aircraft, automobile, electronic industries and others. A number of atomic power reactors were made. Great emphasis was made on the development of the war industry.

Text B : US ECONOMY

The United States is rich in natural resources, the main being iron ore, coal and oil. The nation produces more than 100 million tons of iron a year. Four fifths of the ore mined in the USA comes from the Great Lakes region. Though a great deal of the ore has been used up, its resources have not been exhausted. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. Coal is also used in the chemical industries for the manufacture of plastics and other synthetics. The production, processing and marketing of such oil products as petrol (called “gasoline” or “gas” in the USA) make up one of America’s largest industries.

The basic metals and minerals mined in the United States are zink, copper and silver.

Some of the main crops grown in the USA are wheat, maize, cotton, tobacco and fruit.

Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of America’s agriculture.

To make the farmer’s work more productive scientific methods of farming are employed and modern technique of freezing, canning and packaging farm products is used.

The United States is a highly industrialized country with various branches of heavy industry prevailing, namely, the mining, metallurgical, automobile and chemical industries as well as engineering. Many branches of high industry are also developed, among them are the textile, food and wood-working industries.

A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to research and emphasis is made on the use of labour-saving machines. In the past few years the number of workers has increased only a few per cent, while the number of scientists and engineers in the plants has almost doubled.

Mechanization and automation do away with thousands of office jobs, intensify production and increase labour productivity. But they also bring about a further growth of unemployment.

New industries are created as new discoveries are made in physics, chemistry and other sciences. Atomic energy, for example, has created a wide range of new industries. Electronics has become a major industry.

Throughout American industry great emphasis is being made on management training. A great number of schools are training young people to become industrial leaders.

American industry is distributed unevenly. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the eastern part of the country. But industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to build factories far removed from the home plant and closer to natural resources and markets. Good transportation facilities and rapid communications systems make it possible for the main plants to keep in touch with branch factories.

The leading US exports are industrial machinery, electronic equipment, textiles, grain, iron, coal, oil products and chemicals.