From the history of concrete and reinforced concrete.
Lately there have been further development in the production and use of concrete, reinforced concrete, ceramic. Concrete is defined as a “material consisting of a relatively fine paste mixed with water and inert aggregate(1) to form a rock-like mass”. Concrete so defined has been used since the time of Romans, but it was not until the development of Portland cement around 1800 that concrete began to find serious use in the construction industry. During the 1800s , numerous people were experimenting with the combined use of iron or steel and concrete. In 1832, Isambard Brunel had reinforced concrete with steel in an arch (арка)he built in connection with his tunnel under the Thames. The discovery of reinforced concrete, however, was attributed to the work of a Parisian gardener by the name of Joseph Monier, who had made pots (горшки) and tubs out of concrete reinforced with iron mesh. Monier had taken out a patent for this system in 1867. At the turn of the century, the amount of steel actually used in reinforcing amounted to only a few tons. By 1960s, the amount of steel being used for reinforcing had climbed to over 2 ½ million tons. The building industry had induced a marriage of two major industries: the iron and steel industry and the Portland cement industry.
Throughout the development of reinforced concrete during the late 1800s, very little had been done with the new material, yet the material offered more possibilities in terms of its potentiality for structure and form than any other technical development in the entire history of building. It was in the works of Pier Luigi Nervi, a tremendously creative engineer, that the true possibilities of concrete were, perhaps, most successfully demonstrated. Nervi combined art with the technology of reinforced and prestressed concrete and conducted some of the most impressive, successful experiments with the standardization, prefabrication and systematization of building with the new material.
One of the earliest examples of Nervi’s work that incorporates many of his own technical developments and also demonstrated his tremendous aesthetic achievements with concrete was the second of two designs for aircraft hangars, first constructed in 1940.
(1)-aggregate -заполнитель
Ex. I. Find the English Equivalents to the following:
1.Именно в работах…
2.На переломе эпох…
3.И только после разработки портланд цемента.
Ex. II Join suitable parts
1.Concrete was said…
а)that it began to be widely used only at the
b)beginning of the 19th century
c) to be widely used only at the beginning
of the 19th century
2. Plastics are assumed
a) not to possess the high strength of steel
b) that they do not possess the high strength of
steel
3. Isambard Brunel is known
a)that he had reinforced concrete with steel in an arch in 1832
b)to have reinforced concrete with steel in an arch in 1832
Part II.
BUILDING EQUIPMENT
Ex.1. Translate the following international words and word combinations:
specific operation, construction practice, structural element, real limitation, foundation block, cranes, stationary cranes, compact systems, separate elements, transportation system, hydraulic motor.
Ex.2. Translate the following word combinations:
a) installation of separate elements, to lift materials, the function of a crane, a wide range of uses , to meet demands, limitation to height, to avoid decomposing.
b) construction practice, construction practice needs, tower cranes, tower cranes use, foundation block, foundation block erection, construction work, construction work cost, concrete transportation, concrete transportation systems.
BUILDING EQUIPMENT.
CRANES. The function of a crane is to hoist or lower a load suspended from its jib. Various types of cranes are available, the type and size best suited for a specific operation being influenced by the following factors:
1. The nature of the work on which it is to operate.
2. The weight of load it has to handle.
MOBILE CRANES. They have a wide range of uses on building and civil engineering works on construction.
TOWER CRANES. They are of predominant use in construction practice. Tower cranes are employed for lifting materials, parts and whole structures onto the buildings being erected , for the installation of separate elements and for loading and unloading operations.
As to the design, the tower cranes are subdivided into two main groups. The first group includes cranes with the turn table and the counterweight mounted at the top of the stationary tower. Some cranes of this type have a trolley travelling along the boom which makes it much easier to set structural elements precisely in the required place.
[THE CLIMBING CRANE*. It has been developed to meet demands for a crane capable of working on buildings taller than can be accommodated by rail-mounted tower cranes. It is also intended for use where restricted site conditions make track laying and consequently the use of a rail-mounted tower crane impracticable.
Principal advantages of this crane are:
1. Lightness and ease of operation
2. No real limitation to height of the buildings upon which it can work. It can be used on buildings up to approximately 420-ft high.
3. The crane climbs as the construction work progresses.
4.It can be employed on the site from the beginning of the construction, since with a suitable foundation block it will stand and work until the building progresses far enough for the crane to stand on the first floor. All the operations including the erection and climbing and dismantling are power driven.]
NEW AUTOMATICALLY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. Concrete transportation systems are non-complicated, compact and dependable and can be adjusted to all the requirements. *The flexible product range means that concrete transportation system has an efficient and dependable solution for most tasks.
Before 1966 people used very old equipment of concrete transportation like an elevator or transporter tape. It was a very bad system because when concrete moved the next roller the whole compound began to decompose into a bad mixed water, cement, sand and road metal. The hardest particles of concrete were at the bottom of the tape, so the lightest particles were on a surface.
After 1966 out-of-date technique was stopped. Engineers in building sphere began to use a new equipment, called an automatically concrete transportation system/ It has allowed to avoid decomposing of a concrete.
Ex. I. Find the equivalents.
| turntable | противовес |
| flexible product range | надежноe решение |
| dismantling | гибкий, результативный радиус действия |
| аrail-mounted tower crane | устаревшая техника |
| out-of-date technique | поворотная платформа |
| a trolley travelling along the boom | разборка,демонтаж |
| to be employed | башенный кран, установленный на рельсах |
| dependable solution | использоваться |
| T he counter weight | тележка крана, перемещающаяся вдоль его стрелы |
Ex. II. Translate into Russian
the load handled required, handling the load, they..; having handled the load , the workers.., the material tested required, testing the material, they.., having tested the material, the scientists.., the results obtained showed.., obtaining the results the students.., having obtained the results, they…,the experiment made proved, making the experiment they…, having made the experiment the students…,
Ex. III. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the underlined parts:
1. Material choosing is to be…
2. Construction sites are to answer…
3. Plastics have to withstand…
4. The high strength of steel has to suit for…
5. Water treatment for domestic use has to meet…
6. Computer model simulations are to be used to…
Ex. IV. Look through the text, name all types of cranes described here and characterize each of them.
Ex. V. Translate the 5th abstract “The climbing crane”
Ex. VI. Translate in written form sentences with (*)
Read the text “CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS” and say what types of concrete transportation systems are discussed here and name their specific characteristics.
The concrete travelling bucket Duotrans is well suited for transportation of concrete over short distances.
The travelling drive has hardened steel wheels. For travelling in large, smooth curves* of the Duotrans drive is supplied with a geared motor controlled via a frequency converter. For travelling in sharp curves** the drive for the Duotrans is delivered with a turnable travelling unit in which each wheel is fitted with a hydraulic travelling motor. This means that the different speeds of the inner and outer wheels are adjusted automatically when travelling in curves. Thereby among other things you obtain less noise and less wear and tear*** of rail and wheels.
Duotrans is available with either rotating or bottom discharge****and can be delivered for travelling in gradients up to 8.
DUOSPEED.
The concrete travelling bucket, Duospeed, travels at high speed and steel tracks, which is well suited for transportation of concrete over long distances.
Duospeed is fitted with large rubber wheels for travelling on I-section travelling rails, which causes a very stable and noiseless travelling. For travelling on straight rails the Duotrans is fitted with geared motor controlled via frequency converter. For travelling in curves the Duospeed drive is delivered with turnable travelling unit in which each wheel is fitted with a hydraulic travelling motor. This means that the different speeds of inner and outer wheels are adjusted automatically when travelling in curves. Thereby you among other things obtain less noise and less wear and tear of rails and wheels.
Duospeed is available with either rotating or bottom discharge and can be delivered for travelling in gradients up to 15.
The travelling rails for Duospeed can be delivered in painted or galvanized execution for travelling outside the buildings.
MONOTRANS.
The concrete travelling bucket, Monotrans, is a compact and flexible solution for concrete transportation over short distances and more directions.
A switch-track that makes this type of concrete travelling bucket very flexible for transportation of concrete to of-line placed casting machines can be supplied for the Monotrans. Monotrans is available with either rotating or bottom discharge and can be delivered for travelling in gradients up to 8.
* smooth curves-плавные кривые ж/д пути
**sharp curves-кривая пути малого радиуса
***wear and tear-износ
****rotating and bottom discharge-нижний слив, данная разгрузка
UNIT III. ARCHETECTURE.
| Key words: landscape architecture; urban architecture; urban design; skyscrapers; construction materials; ecological demands(requirements) approach to building design; available construction materials; to employ natural landscape; to reduce the consumption of energy; to influence present-day architecture; simplification of form ; mass production of brick, steel, concrete, etc.; the basic design principles; principle of durability; to a r range a plan; to involve money of investors; to handle modern construction machines. |
Part I.
Ex. Translate the following international words and word combinations:
Project planning; sculptural decoration; functional, social and aesthetic; coordination of material (technology); pragmatic aspects; cultural and political symbols; creative organization; functional, economical, practical and artistic aspects; mathematical principles; ornamental architecture; popularity and skepticism; the product of planning and designing; production of materials; management; civilization; the manipulation and coordination of materials and technology.