Text iii. The heritage of greek literature

Only a small fraction of what ancient Greeks composed has come down to modern times. The greater part of their literature is irretrievably lost. So it is surprising that Greek literature has exercised such an unparalleled influence. The very words for different dramatic and poetic forms – “tragedy”, “comedy”, “lyric”, “epic” – or for the different verse metre – “jamb”, “dactyl”, “hexameter” – bear witness to its importance. What schoolchild or student of modern times has not heard of Homer, has not dreamed of the mighty deeds of his heroes? What modern reader would not be awed by the breadth of Homer’s vision of the human race, his insight into human emotions, the charm and meaningfulness of his parables? What poet or lover of poetry would not be captured by the infinite warmth and tenderness of the lyrics of Sappho, Pindar, or Anacreon? Their names may be less familiar than Homer’s, but their influence has been felt, consciously and unconsciously; and their poetry has given direction to the form and content of songs and poems in all subsequent ages. Equally potent has been the influence of the Greek dramatists, of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Aristophanes. Their individual topics, whether mythological or political, have lost much pertinence, but their general significance has remained undiminished.

Упр. 3. Закончите предложения и запишите их:

1. Sappho, Pindar and Anacreon poetry has given direction to … .

2. Greek literature has exercised … .

3. The names of … are less familiar than Homer, but their influence has been felt.

4. The greater past of Greek literature is … .

5. There are different dramatic and poetic forms … .

Упр. 4. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. What influence has Greek literature exercised on modern literature?

2. What different verse metres are mentioned in the text?

Контрольная работа № 2

Вариант № 1

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужную степень сравнения:

1. The sooner, the (good). 2. I think that rainy autumn is the (bad) season of the year. 3. One of the (rich) libraries in the world is situated in the British Museum. 4. It is the (big) risk I have ever taken. 5. John is (little) musical than his sister. 6. He looked (young) that his years. 7. You are not as (nice) as people think.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: - Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you buying this house? 2. Why isn’t Ann opening the window? 3. Why aren’t they going to the cinema? 4. Why isn’t she making tea? 5. Why aren’t they returning the document? 6. Why aren’t you phoning the doctor? 7. Why isn’t he bringing the magazine?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. She has bought a new dress. 2. Dr. Johnson has given an interesting lecture today. 3. They have been to Berlin. 4. We have written some new articles. 5. Allan has washed his clothes. 6. He has shown me her photo. 7. I have heard about it.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. He (to forget) to bring my book and I cannot do my lessons. 2. I (to read) much about the historical monuments of the city. 3. He (to close) the window and (to leave) the room. 4. Every evening we (to play) in the garden. 5. In a moment we (to enter) the house. 6. Mr. Worthing (not to return) from town yet. I (to see) this film last week.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Ты видел этот фильм? 2. Я не читала этой книги. 3. Они уже ушли. 4. Он принес мне сегодня новый журнал. 5. Я никогда не был в Ташкенте. 6. Она в этом месяце купила два новых платья. 7. Они нас уже поблагодарили.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. He did as you had told him. 2. Come tomorrow evening; by that time I’ll have finished my work. 3. The old man had laid down his knife and fork, and was staring at his son in amazement. 4. I shall be back by six, and I hope you will have had a good rest by that time.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив данное предложение в соответ-ствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	The doctor examines the patients	every morning.	Доктор обследует пациентов каждое утро.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		tomorrow morning.
Present Continuous		at the moment.
Past Continuous		at 10 o’clock yesterday.
Fututre Continuous		from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning.
Present Perfect		just.
Past Perfect		when the students came.
Future Perfect		by 12 o’clock tomorrow.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

1. I shall invite my friends. I shall be invited by my friends. 2. He often sees the girl in the bar. He is often seen in the bar. 3. They often used this expression. The expression was often used by native speakers.

Вариант № 2

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужную степень сравнения:

1. The farther you go, the (long) is the way back. 2. He is 2 years (old) than his brother. 3. He knows the history of your town (good) than you. 4. What is the (large) city in the world? 5. The University of London is the (important) higher school and the (big) research centre in Great Britain. 6. To my mind the (interesting) thing in art is the personality of the artist. 7. It was as (cold) as in winter there.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you reading the book? 2. Why isn’t Pete opening the window? 3. Why ins’t she showing the document? 4. Why aren’t you cooking dinner? 5. Why isn’t the child drinking the milk? 6. Why aren’t they thanking Tim? 7. Why aren’t you calling the doctor?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. I have brought you the book. 2. We have seen some boys there. 3. The workers have already come back. 4. They have helped me. 5. Robert has thanked us. 6. Sally has called them. 7. They have just gone out.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. We already (to learn) 1000 English words. 2. They (to come) to the theatre at 7 o’clock. 3. Why are you reading the letter? – I (to read) it. 4. No scientist (to do) so much for the development of Russian science as M.Lomonosov. 5. I (not to miss) any lectures this month. 6. The sun (to come) out a moment ago. 7. I (not to sleep) since that night.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Я уже слышал об этом фильме. 2. Ты Веру сегодня видела? 3. Мы еще не звонили врачу. 4. Они уже съели свой завтрак. 5. Сестра дала мне 50 рублей. 6. Ребенок уже ушел в школу. 7. Он никода не был в Воркуте.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. He had finished his work before we came. 2. I shall have worked as a teacher for 20 years by next May. 3. He knew the poem by heart when he had heard it several times. 4. They will have reached the place by noon. 5. Those two had not spoken to each other for three days and were in a state of rage.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив данное предложение в соответ-ствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	The teacher marks the test	every day.	Учитель проверяет тесты каждый день.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		in the evening.
Present Continuous		at the moment.
Past Continuous		at 10 o’clock last night.
Future Continuous		from 10 to 12 tomorrow morning.
Present Perfect		just
Past Perfect		when the students came.
Future Perfect		by 2 o’clock.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав залог и время сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

1. I shall give you this photo. The photo will be given to you tomorrow. 2. Mr. Brown teaches English. The students are taught well. 3. They did not allow to smoke here. Smoking was not allowed here.

Вариант № 3

Упр. 1. Поставьте слова, данные в скобках, в нужную степень сравнения:

1. Two heads are (good) then one. 2. The population of Great Britain is (large) than the population of Belarus. 3. She works at her English (much) than you. 4. That was the (difficult) year in my life. 5. The more books he has read the (interesting) will be his report. 6. He looked much (young) than Sheila or me. 7. My mother was the (proud) of women.

Упр. 2. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу (употребив Present Perfect):

Model: Why isn’t Nick translating the text?

- He has already translated it.

1. Why aren’t you thanking Nick? 2. Why isn’t he helping you? 3. Why aren’t you buying this dress? 4. Why isn’t she leaving? 5. Why aren’t you opening the window? 6. Why isn’t Jim coming in? 7. Why aren’t they phoning the hotel?

Упр. 3. Сделайте предложения отрицательными и вопросительными:

1. Jim has just come back. 2. Ted and Pete have seen you. 3. She has already shouted at us. 4. We have taken some papers. 5. I have lost your address. 6. They have phoned me. 7. I have helped David.

Упр. 4. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол-сказуемое в Past Indefinite или Present Perfect:

1. We (to come) home at 7 o’clock. 2. The students already (to pass) all their examinations. 3. My friend (to tell) me the news last night. 4. Nobody (to see) you, I am sure. 5. I (to be) always on friendly terms with all my groupmates. 6. He (to do) a great deal of work today. 7. We (to meet) in the club.

Упр. 5. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Она очень изменилась. 2. Вы когда-нибудь видели моего сына? 3. Они никогда не были в Воронеже. 4. Он купил себе сегодня новый костюм. 5. Извините, я взяла Вашу ручку. 6. Мы перевели уже две статьи. 7. Аня ушла в кино.

Упр. 6. Переведите:

1. Our students had completed the experiment by the end of the last month. 2. He will have returned to the town by the time you come from Moscow. 3. She said she had expected to return to work soon. 4. I shall have been a teacher for 20 years by next May. 5. When they had left, I went down to the beach.

Упр. 7. Заполните таблицу, поставив данное предложение в соответ-ствующие времена:

время	предложение	обстоятельство	перевод
Present Indefinite	He buys the newspaper	twice a week.	Он покупает газе-ты 2 раза в неделю.
Past Indefinite		two hours ago.
Future Indefinite		in the morning.
Present Continuous		now.
Past Continuous		when I came up to him.
Future Continuous		when you see him.
Present Perfect		just.
Past Perfect		before we saw him.
Future Perfect		by 12 o’clock.

Упр. 8. Перепишите предложения, указав залог и время сказуемого. Предложения переведите:

1. Bread is made from flour. 2. Mr. White sent two engineers to London. Is Mr. Smith often sent to London, too? 3. They sold books last week. Books were sold in that bookshop. 4. The new research centre was shown to the scientists.

ЧАСТЬ III

LESSON 1

Особые случаи употребления пассивного залога

В английском языке ряд глаголов: to ask, to give, to invite, to offer, to order, to pay, to promise, to show, to tell, to teach и некоторые другие могут принимать два дополнения: прямое (кого? что?) и косвенное (кому?):

They showed the children (кому?) his photograph (что?).

В пассивном залоге с этими глаголами возможны две конструкции:

1) His photograph was shown to the children. – Его фотография была показана детям (Совпадает с употреблением пассивного залога в русском).

2) The children were shown his photograph. – Детям (кому?) показали его фотографию (Пассивный залог невозможен в русском языке).

Во второй конструкции подлежащим стало косвенное дополнение. При переводе его следует поставить в дательный падеж, а остальную часть предложения переводим неопределенно-личным оборотом, если не указан деятель (by + существительное или местоимение в объектном падеже (см. пример выше). При наличии дополнения с предлогом by оно становится подлежащим русского предложения: The children were shown his photograph by the policeman. – Полицеский показал его фотографию детям.

Упр. 1. Постройте как можно больше предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на то, что их дословный перевод на русский невозможен: