Prominent painters of the 16th—18th centuries

Raphael Sanzio, Raffaello Sanzio (1483—1520), Italian painter. He was one of the greatest artists of the High Renaissance, active in Perugia, Florence, and Rome, where he painted frescoes in the Vatican and for secular patrons. Many of his designs were engraved, and much of his later work was the product of his studio.

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1573—1610), Italian early Baroque painter. He was active in Rome, then in Naples, and finally in Malta. He created a forceful style, using contrasts of light and shade, dramatic foreshortening, and a meticulous attention to detail.

El Grecois the pseudonym of Domenikos Theotokopoulos (1541— 1614). The painter was first called 'the Greek' in Crete where he was bom. He studied in Italy, worked in Rome from about 1570, and by 1577 had settled in Toledo, Spain. He painted elegant portraits and intensely emotional religious scenes with increasingly distorted fig­ures and flickering light: for example, The Burial of Count Orgaz (church of San Tome, Toledo). El Greco’s paintings are exhibited in various museums of Paris, London, New York, Madrid, Budapest.

Eugene Delacroix (1798—1863) is a French Romantic painter. His prolific output included religious and historical subjects and portraits of friends, among them the musicians Paganini and Chopin. Antagonistic to the French academic tradition, he evoled a highly coloured, fluid style, as in The Death of Sardanapalus exhibited in the Musee du Louvre, Paris.

Henri Marie Reymond de Toulouse-Latrec (1864—1901) is a French artist. Associated with the Imressionists, he was active in Paris where he painted entertainers and prostitutes in a style characterised by strong colours, bold design, and brilliant draughtsmanship. From 1891, his lithographic posters were a great success, skulfully executed and yet retaining the spontaneous character of sketches. His later work was to prove vital to the development of poster art.

Text № 14

Culture

The word culture, from the Latin colo, -ere, with its root meaning ‘to cultivate’, generally refers to patterns of human activity and the sym­bolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of culture reflect different theoretical bases for understanding, or crite­ria for evaluating, human activity.

In 1871 Sir Edward В. Ту lor wrote that

‘culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.’

While a 2002 document from the United Nations agency UNESCO states that

‘culture is the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encom­passes, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living to­gether, value systems, traditions and beliefs.’

In 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of more than two hundred different definitions of ‘culture’ in their book Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.

The two definitions stated above, as well as many others, offer a ‘laundry list’ of things or objects that culture comprises:

Language

The Arts (Literature, Theatre, Music, Broadcasting, Visual Art, Architecture)

Religion

Food

Education

Sociological issues (Housing, Living Arrangements)

Sport

National costume Naming convention

Cultural studies are now developing throughout the world. Most scholars see culture as a complex web of shifting patterns that link people in different locales and that link social formations of different scales. Ac­cording to this view, any group can construct its own cultural identity.

Знать 40 неправильных глаголов:

Infinitive (V1)	Past Simple (V2)	Past Participle	перевод
1 be	was/were	been	быть, находиться
2 begin	began	begun	начинать
3 become	became	become	становиться
4 break	broke	broken	ломать
5 bring	brought	brought	приносить
6 build	built	built	строить
7 buy	bought	bought	покупать
8 come	came	come	приходить
9 do	did	done	делать
10 have	had	had	иметь
11 drink	drank	drunk	пить
12 eat	ate	eaten	есть
13 find	found	found	находить
14 get	got	got	получать, добираться
15 give	gave	given	давать
16 go	went	gone	ходить
17 know	knew	known	знать
18 learn	learnt	learnt	учить, узнавать
19 leave	left	left	оставлять, покидать
20 let	let	let	позволять
21 lose	lost	lost	терять, проигрывать
22 make	made	made	делать
23 mean	meant	meant	значить
24 meet	met	met	встречать, знакомиться
25 pay	paid	paid	платить
26 put	put	put	класть
27 read	read	read	читать
28 say	said	said	сказать
29 see	saw	seen	видеть
30 send	sent	sent	посылать
31 speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
32 sit	sat	sat	сидеть
33 spend	spent	spent	проводить
34 stand	stood	stood	стоять
35 take	took	taken	брать
36 teach	taught	taught	преподавать
37 tell	told	told	рассказывать
38 think	thought	thought	думать
39 understand	understood	understood	понимать
40 write	wrote	written	писать

III. Подготовить темы к экзамену:

1. My speciality – specialist in social and cultural activity.

2. My favourite writer.

3. My favourite musician.

4. My favourite film.

5. My favourite director.

6. My favourite painter.

7. What is culture?

8. Perm Institutions of Culture.

9. Visit to the theatre.

10. Visit to the cinema.

11. The Perm State Academy of arts and culture.

Требования к экзамену:

I. Письменный перевод текста со словарём (1500 знаков за 60 мин.).

II. Устный экзамен:

1. Беседа по теме.

2. 40 неправильных глаголов по карточкам.

3. Прочесть текст без словаря и рассказать его на русском языке.

Литература:

1. Бурова, З. И. Учебник английского языка для гуманитарных специальностей вузов / З. И. Бурова. – Москва : Айрис-пресс, 2006.
2. Голицынский, Ю. Б. Грамматика : сб. упражнений. – 6-е изд. / Ю. Б. Голицинский. – Санкт-Петербург : КАРО, 2010.
3. Либерман, Н. И. Английский язык для вузов искусств / Н. И. Либерман. – Москва : Высшая школа, 1989.
4. Шевелёва, С. А. Английский для гуманитариев: учеб. пособие для вузов / С. А. Шевелёва. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – Москва : ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2009. – 397 с.

Учебное издание

Яровая Людмила Алексеевна

Методические рекомендации для студентов – заочников

факультета Культурологии

направления «Социально-культурная деятельность» (071800)

(английский язык)

Формат А5. Бумага документная. Гарнитура Times New Roman.

Усл. печ. л. 3,49. Тираж 40 экз.

Редакционно-издательский отдел

Пермской государственной академии искусства и культуры

614000, Пермь, ул. Газеты «Звезда», 18, оф. 112.