Internal-combustion engines
The most important type of prime mover is the internal-combustion engine. Most of the engines of this type use liquids as their fuel, but some burn gas from manufactured or natural sources. The two most common fuels used are gasoline and diesel or fuel oil. In the internal-combustion piston engine, the fuel is forced into the space between the cylinder head and the piston. The space between the cylinder head and the piston is called the combustion chamber. The size of this combustion chamber depends on the position of the piston.
There are several types of such engines, depending upon cycle, location of parts, and other items. A partial designation of engine types could be as follows:
type of fuel burned: gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, gases;
method of cooling: liquid or gas (air);
arrangement of cylinders;
valve location;
cycle: four-stroke and two-stroke;
type of valves;
ignition: spark or compression;
moving parts: piston or blade (turbine);
compression: low, medium, high.
One of the most important engine designation is by the cycle used. The usual outboard boat engine is of the two-stroke cycle. The usual tractor engine and all known automobile engines are of the four-stroke type.
The cycles of the four-stroke engine are as follows: intake, one valve open; compression, both valves closed; burning or combustion, both valves closed; exhaust, one valve open.
Thus one cycle of four events with four strokes of the piston has been completed (ignition could be a fifth event).
Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
an internal-combustion piston engine, a combustion chamber, four-stroke cycle, two-stroke cycle, gasoline, fuel oil, method of cooling, liquid, a moving part, intake, exhaust, a valve location, type of valves, ignition, a spark, compression, a piston, engine designation, a cylinder head, an outboard boat engine, items, burning, to burn.
Составьте предложение:
1. The gasoline burning, on the most, tractors, wheeled, type, are used, engines.
2. Compression, be, may, in the engine, low, high, medium.
3. The internal, engine, combustion, is, the most, type, important, of prime mover. Modern engines, have light weight, are powerful, and highly efficient.
Переведите следующие предложения:
1. It uses liquid as its fuel. There are two common fuels: gasoline, diesel (fuel oil).
2. One of the important examples of prime mover is the heat engine.
3. The other important type of prime mover is the internal-combustion engine.
Вариант 9.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Which car is yours? 1. I have.
2. Do you have any money? 2. No, I do not.
3. Have you or your friend written this letter? 3. Yes, they do.
4. Do fares increase with distance? 4. That one.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу: You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. Her cousin lives in Munich.
6. They have not been in Moscow.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом.
7. Yes, there is a good library at our University.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения.
8. My father (to come) home by 8 o’clock.
9. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) her exercise book at home.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках в нужную форму (в будущее совершенное время).
11. The police … (arrest) the thief by the next morning.
12. Lina … (finish) his essay by three o’clock in the morning.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. Elephants are found ____ India and Africa.
2. The boat was carried _____the waves _____ the open sea.
3. There is a monument _____Pushkin in the Square _____Arts.
4. It is clear ____ me that you don't know your lesson.
She was short ____ money and lived ____ hand ____ mouth.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами
5. His parents got furious when they found out that their son was expelled.
6. The murderer will not get away with his crime.
7. He is always happy to get back to his work after the holidays.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. My brother will … me up at the airport.
10. She usually … up at 5 to milk her cow.
11. Sorry to hear that Harry … up with his girlfriend yesterday.
12. I’m going to … up a joint venture.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous.
1. What Linda (to do) now?
2. There (to be) horse races and shows in Florida in July.
3. Today you (can try) a regatta, boating, playing the harp and other things.
4. Why you (speak) so loudly? You ... at a lesson
Исправьте ошибки.
5. On Fridays, I going to the restaurant. I not like cooking very much.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. meet / your / boyfriend / you / did / in / Munich?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to.
7. Linda ... catch a fox in the forest.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу: My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. I want to invite Jane to our party.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous.
9. My mother (to cook) dinner now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I.
10. The children watched the boys playing football.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение.
11. My task (to finish), I went to bed.
Выберите правильный вариант
12. Pamela (______) for her exam on Math all day tomorrow.
work
is working
will be working
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three.
1. Pamela wrote a letter to her parents.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, my sister was watching TV at 8 p.m.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.
3. We (to play) computer games from 12 until 14 yesterday.
4. She (to play) computer games yesterday evening.
Употребите Present Perfect.
5. You … not … the window yet. (to shut)
6. Her sister ... (not to go) out all day long yesterday.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. They haven’t seen him … ages.
8. Have you … been to London?
В каждом из следующих предложений допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее и напишите правильный вариант.
9. We have sister.
10. She just wrote a letter.
11. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
12. My brother go to the library every week
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время
1. They (come) to see us next Sunday.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.
2. May I invite my friend to the party?
3. You have to work hard at your English.
Вставьте can или be able to. Иногда допустимы оба варианта.
4. I used to _______ stand on my head but I cannot do it now.
Вставьте needn’t /have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have.
5) They _____ buy a fridge as the flat they rented was furnished.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could).
6) _____ I smoke here?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was / were able to or couldn’t.
7. My mother loved music. She _______ play the piano very well.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.
8. My sister _______ get up so early. She gets up early because she prefers to.
Переведите предложения на английский язык
9. Тебе следовало навестить своего больного друга, но ты не навестил.
10. Не хотите еще кофе?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот
11. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldn’t, could
b) can, was able
c) can, couldn’t
12. I didn’t want to be late for the meeting. We … meet at 5 sharp.
a) were to
b) had to
c) could
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
ENGINES
There are external-combustion engines and internal-combustion engines. In an external - combustion engine, the fuel is burned outside the engine. The steam engine and steam turbine are good examples of an external-combustion engine. Today the internal-combustion engine has been displacing the steam locomotive engine. The internal-combustion engine has undergone numerous changes in design and construction. But its basic principle of operation has not changed. Engines operate on the four-stroke-cycle and on the two-stroke-cycle principles. Modern engines have some changes and improvements. They are:
Increased compression ratios.
Improved valve timing.
Better balance of moving parts.
Better mixing and distribution of fuel.
More accurate timing of fuel charge ignition.
Modern engines can operate at extremely high speed. They have some improvements in materials and methods. Modern engines are powerful, highly efficient, have lightweight. Engines vary in size, design. However, they have certain parts that perform similar functions. The various parts of the engines are as follows: a cylinder block, a cylinder head, pistons, piston rings, piston pins, a connecting rod, a crankshaft, engine bearings, valves, valve lifters, and manifolds.
Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
compression ratio, a cylinder block, a piston, a connecting rod, a bearing, a crankshaft, a manifold, valve timing, a cylinder head, a piston ring, a crankcase, a valve, a valve lifter, a piston pin
Составьте предложения:
1. Operate, at, high, speeds, extremely, modern tractors, can. On the four-stroke-cycle, operate, today, engines.
2. Improvements, some, engines, have, materials, in, methods, and. Cylinder block, are, of the engine, parts, and, pistons.
3. Better balance of moving parts, modern, tractors, have, today. Engines, and, in design, vary, in size.
Переведите следующие предложения:
1. One of the important examples of prime mover is the heat engine.
2. The other important type of prime mover is the internal-combustion engine.
3. It uses liquid as its fuel. There are two common fuels: gasoline, diesel (fuel oil).
Вариант 10.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Don't you speak English? 1. My mother does.
2. What man can help you? 2. No, I do not.
3. Does your father or mother believe in God? 3. A strong one.
4. When are winter coats 4. In November.
in greatest demand in Russia?
Образуйте вопросы по образцу: You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. He does not play the guitar.
6. You have to work hard at your English.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом.
7. Yes, I am writing a letter to my grandmother.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения.
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. I (to thank) him for what he (to do) for me.
10. The telegram (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках в нужную форму (в будущее совершенное время).
11. Girls … (discuss) this with their mother by tonight.
12. My father … (manage) the team for seven years by next month.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. She wrote the story ____ her life.
2.The writer lived ____ London ____ great poverty.
3. She was standing outside the door _____her house and explaining ____ the mechanic what was wrong with her car.
4. My father goes ____work every day, so he stays ____ town.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами
5. I never get into an argument with my boss.
6. He dreams about getting into a good university.
7. Now, let us get out of here.
8. The film will probably go on for another hour.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. Boys, stop chatting and … up your breakfast.
10. Little Alice was … up by a nanny.
11. He always … up the new words in the dictionary.
12. He is going to … up a joint venture.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous.
1. We (to spend) a wonderful time in Turkey now.
2. Every day tourists (to have) a lot of fun in the Valleys.
3. When visitors (to walk) and (to go) on picnics?
4. The sun (rise) in the East
Исправьте ошибки.
5. Pamela have a new car. On Fridays she like going to the cinema.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. did /live/ you / where/ when / you were / a/ child?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to.
7. She …. start a new job next week.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу: My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Her intention is to ride a bicycle today.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous.
9. Mary and Ann (to help) their grandparents on a farm now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I.
10. I saw him talking with a woman.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение.
11. While (to learn) the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning.
Выберите правильный вариант
12. They (______) every day until the end of the month.
perform
will be performing
will perform
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1. Sally phoned her girlfriend in the morning.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, we were not playing computer games at 12 o'clock yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous.
3. My son (to read) a book yesterday.
4. We (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect.
5. Where … they … (to be) all the time?
6. … she … (to come) to the Institute yet?
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet.
7. Have they … been to London?
8. Oleg hasn’t been at the institute … a week.
В каждом из следующих предложений допущена ошибка. Исправьте ее и напишите правильный вариант.
9. These boys are my pupil.
10. When have he bought the book?
11. he just wrote a letter.
12. Now we is playing tennis.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время
1. The doctor (examine) his last patient at this time tomorrow.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.
2. May I invite my friend to the party?
3. You have to work hard at your German.
Вставьте can или be able to. Иногда допустимы оба варианта.
4. Ask Jane about your problem. She should _______ help you.
Вставьте needn’t / have to / mustn’t / didn’t need to / have to или needn’t have.
5) I _____ leave yet. I’m not flying until 3.00 p.m.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could).
6) If you are under 17, you _____ drive a car in Britain.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was / were able to or couldn’t.
7. The girl fell into the lake but fortunately we _______ rescue her.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t or don’t / doesn’t have to.
8. They _______ leave yet. They’ve got plenty of time.
Переведите предложения на английский язык
9. Ты можешь решить эту проблему.
10. Тебе следует навестить своего больного друга.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот
11. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t
b) have to
c) needn’t
12. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту