Правила чтения согласных букв и буквосочетаний
Чтение согласной определяется ее положением среди других букв. Вне буквосочетаний только три согласные из 20 имеют по два варианта чтения: с = [s], [k]; g = [g],[G];
s = [s], [z].
Многие согласные, однако, входят в состав различных буквосочетаний и в зависимости от этого по-разному читаются. Так, например, сочетание th может читаться как [T] в начале и конце знаменательных слов: thin [Tin], bath [ba: T] и как [D] в служебных словах, наречиях, местоимениях, а также в позиции между двумя гласными: with [wiD], the [Dq], clothes [klouDz].
Полный перечень буквосочетаний, в том числе и сочетаний согласных с гласными, приведен в таблице.
Буква и буквосо- четание | Звук | Примечание | Примеры | ||
Bb | [b] | bus, but, about, better, butter, by, book, bed, bag, bad | |||
bt | [t] | в конце слова | debt, doubt | ||
[s] | перед е, i, у | face, city, cinema, cycle, since, ice, space, centre | |||
Сс | [k] | в остальных случаях | cap, cat, cut, cry, copy, capital, come, close, clock | ||
[S] | перед безударной гласной | ocean, social, special, musician, ancient, racial | |||
cc | [ks] | перед е, i, у | accept, success, accent, accident | ||
[k] | в остальных случаях | occur, according, accomplish, accumulate, occupy, occasion | |||
ch | [tS] | chess, rich, cheese, chop, much, match, | |||
tch | kitchen, watch, catch | ||||
ch | [k] | в словах греческого происхождения | school, architect, chemistry, character, archiology, technical | ||
[S] | в словах французского происхождения | machine, machinery, machinist | |||
ck | [k] | black, sick, back, pack, | |||
neck, check | |||||
Dd | [d] | date, made, end, decide, | |||
Old | |||||
[-] | перед согласными | grandmother, handsome, handkerchief | |||
dg | [G] | bridge, knowledge, judge, sledge | |||
Ff | [f] | five, if, finish, face, family | |||
ften | [fn] | often, soften | |||
Gg | [G] | перед е, i, у | page, change, gymnasium, stage но: [g] - get, give, begin | ||
[g] | в остальных случаях | go, green, grey, grow | |||
gh | [-] | weight, eight, bought, brought, fought, daughter | |||
[f] | после au,ou в словах: | laugh, enough, cough | |||
gn | [n] | в начале и в конце слова | foreign, sign | ||
Hh | [h] | he, his, here, have, home, hundred, husband | |||
[-] | hour, honour, honest, exhibition | ||||
Kk | [k] | kill, keep, king, kitchen, kiss | |||
kn | [n] | в начале слова | know, knee, knife, knock | ||
Ll | [l] | lake, late, light, listen, leg | |||
alm, alf, alk | [-] | talk, calm, half, chalk | |||
Mm | [m] | miss, meal, seem, team | |||
mb mn | [m] | в конце слова | climb, bomb, comb autumn, column | ||
Nn | [n] | never, number, nobody, next, notice | |||
ng | [] | в конце слова | sing, song, interesting, thing | ||
nk | [Nk] | drink, bank, ink, tank, thank | |||
Pp | [p] | pen, pencil, pupil, publish, top | |||
Ph | [f] | в словах греческого происхождения | phone, physics, philosophy, philologist, symphony, phase | ||
Qu | [kw] | queen, question, quick, quite, queue | |||
[k] | в словах французского происхождения | unique, technique | |||
Rr | [r] | red, ready, rain, sorry, mirror, trip | |||
Ss | [s] [s] [z] | в начале слова но: [S] после глухих согласных после звонких согласных и гласных | see, sea, son, sun, stand, stop sugar, sure maps, cats,books,hats pens, bags, days, girls, boys | ||
ss | [s] | class, pass, success, kiss, miss | |||
[S] | перед безударным слогом | Russian | |||
ssion | [S(q)n] | session, discussion, comission, oppression | |||
sion | [Zn] | в конце слова | decision, conclusion, revision, invasion, confusion, television | ||
sure | [Zq] | pleasure, treasure, leisure, measure | |||
sh | [S] | she, ship, fish, shop, short | |||
sc | [s] | перед е, i, у | science, scientist, scene, scenery | ||
sten | [sn] | listen, fasten | ||
stle | [sl] | whistle, wrestling | ||
Tt | [t] | ten, twenty, table, sit, teeth | ||
th | [T] | thing, thank, three, tooth | ||
[ D] | this, those, with, without, weather | |||
tion | [S(q)n] | demonstration, revolution, dictation, translation, attention | ||
ture | [t Sq] | picture, future, lecture, culture, nature, feature, furniture | ||
Vv | [v] | live, leave, voice, move, vase | ||
Ww | [w] | win, want, water, wind, twins | ||
wh | [w] | when, where, why, what, which, white, whisper, while | ||
wh+o | [h] | who, whom, whose, whole | ||
wr | [r] | wrong, write, writer, wrestling | ||
Xx | [ks] | в конце слова и перед согласными | box, fox, six, taxi, text, excuse, exercise | |
[gz] | перед ударной гласной | examination, example, exist, exact | ||
Zz | [z] | lazy, zone, zero, zoo, zoology | ||
Тренировочные упражнения
1. Обозначьте выделенные буквы и буквосочетания знаками фонетической транскрипции:
Russian, initial, social, lecture, watch, discussion, decision, science, taxi, example, mouth, this, quarter, thing, comb, girls, caps, days, cheese, whose, what, wrong, bought, know, gentle, gate, accident, handsome, debt, phase, listen, whistle, zoo, solemn, designer, mechanic, often.
2. Напишите в транскрипции следующие слов:
task, calmly, jar, meant, crisp, bath, exercise, architect, dialogue, characteristic, grandfather, sure, sugar, within, wolf.
3. Напишите, какие буквы и буквосочетания дают звуки:
[tS ],[S], [N],[T],[D],[Sn],[tSq],[Zq],[aiq],[iq],[eq]
Упражнения в чтении