Texts: Text A: The Balance Sheet. The Horizontal Format.
Text B: The vertical format
Text A
The Balance Sheet. The Horizontal Format.
The balance sheet represents the financial picture as it stands on one particular day, for example, December 31, 2004. Typical Manufacturing Company`s balance sheet not only includes the most recent year, but also the previous year. It lets us comparehow the company worked in its most recent years.
The balance sheet is dividedinto two sides: on the left are shown assets, on the right are shown liabilities and shareholders` equity. Both sides are always in balance.
In the assets column, accountants list all the goods and property owned as well as claims against others which are to be collected. The liabilities column contains all debts due to others.
There are two formats of the balance sheet – the traditional horizontal format and the vertical format. A company can prepare its balance sheet in either of the two formats. The traditional horizontal format is no longerused in the UK and the USA but it is still the basic patternin some Far Eastern countries. This layout emphasizesthe balance between assets and claims. It looks like the following.
Typical Manufacturing Company
Balance sheet as of December 31, 2004
Assets | Liabilities | ||||
Current assets | Liabilities and owners` equity | ||||
Cash and marketable securities | $ 355,000 | $ 430,000 | Accounts playable | $ 440,000 | $ 430,000 |
Accounts receivable | $ 555,000 | $ 512,000 | Short-term debt | $ 409,000 | $ 500,000 |
Inventory | $ 835,000 | $ 755,000 | Accrued expenses | $ 98,000 | $ 98,000 |
Prepaid expenses | $ 123,000 | $ 98,000 | |||
Total current assets | $ 1,868,000 | $ 1,795,000 | Income taxes payable | $ 17,000 | $ 9,000 |
Fixed assets (property, Plant and Equipment) | Total Current liabilities | $ 964,000 | $ 1,016,000 | ||
Land | $ 950,000 | $ 950,000 | Long-term debt | $ 750,000 | $ 516,000 |
Buildings | $ 430,000 | $ 420,000 | |||
Machinery | $ 251,000 | $ 150,000 | |||
Total property, plant and equipment | $ 1,631,000 | $ 1,520,000 | Total liabilities | $ 1,714,000 | $ 1,532,000 |
Less accumulated depreciation | $ 20,000 | $ 18,000 | Contributed capital | $ 850,000 | $ 850,000 |
Net property, plant and equipment | $ 1,611,000 | $ 1,502,000 | Retained earnings | $ 935,000 | $ 935,000 |
Intangibles (goodwill, patents) less amortization | $ 20,000 | $ 20,000 | Total owners` equity | $ 1,785,000 | $ 1,785,000 |
Total assets | $ 3,499,000 | $ 3,317,000 | Total liabilities and owners` equity | $ 3,499,000 | $ 3,317,000 |
The horizontal format emphasizes the idea that Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
Balance sheet data are most helpful when they are compared with information from the previous year. (See the Balance Sheet above)
Text B
The vertical format
Typical Manufacturing Company Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2004
The vertical format takes exactly the same data (as in the horizontal format) but rearrangesthe assets and liabilities plus the owners` equity like this:
Increase/ decrease | |||
Assets | |||
Cash and marketable securities | $ 355,000 | $ 430,000 | $ (75,000) |
Accounts receivable | $ 555,000 | $ 512,000 | $ 43,000 |
Inventory | $ 835,000 | $ 755,000 | $ 80,000 |
Prepaid expenses | $ 123,000 | $ 98,000 | $ 25,000 |
Total current assets | $ 1,868,000 | $ 1,795,000 | $ 73,000 |
Fixed assets (property, plant and equipment) | |||
Land | $ 950,000 | $ 950,000 | $ 0 |
Buildings | $ 430,000 | $ 420,000 | $ 10,000 |
Machinery | $ 251,000 | $ 150,000 | $ 101,000 |
Total property, plant and equipment | $ 1,631,000 | $ 1,520,000 | $ 111,000 |
Less accumulated depreciation | $ 20,000 | $ 18,000 | $ 2,000 |
Net property, plant and equipment | $ 1,611,000 | $ 1,502,000 | $ 109,000 |
Intangibles (goodwill, patents) less amortization | $ 20,000 | $ 20,000 | $ 0 |
Total assets | $ 3,499,000 | $ 3,317,000 | $ 182,000 |
Liabilities and owners` equity | |||
Accounts payable | $ 440,000 | $ 430,000 | $ 10,000 |
Short-term debt | $ 409,000 | $ 500,000 | ($ 91,000) |
Accrued expenses | $ 98,000 | $ 98,000 | $ 0 |
Income taxes payable | $ 17,000 | $ 9,000 | $ 8,000 |
Total current liabilities | $ 964,000 | $ 1,016,000 | ($ 52) |
Long-term debt | $ 750,000 | $ 516,000 | $ 234,000 |
Total liabilities | $ 1,714,000 | $ 1,532,000 | $ 182,000 |
Contributed capital | $ 850,000 | $ 850,000 | $ 0 |
Retained earnings | $ 935,000 | $ 935,000 | $ 0 |
Total owners` equity | $ 1,785,000 | $ 1,785,000 | $ 0 |
Total liabilities and owners` equity | $ 3,499,000 | $ 3,317,000 | $ 182,000 |
The vertical format emphasizes the idea that Assets – Liabilities = Equity.
The vertical format is most widely used in all types of businesses and its form of presentation makes comparisonswith other years easier.
Balance sheet data are most helpful when they are compared with information from the previous year. In the vertical format of «Typical manufacturing Company balance sheet as of December 31, 2004»a comparison of the figures for 2004 against those for 2003 shows that Typical Manufacturing Company has increasedits total liabilities by $ 182,000 and increased its total assets by $ 182,000. There is no change in owners` equity.
The balance sheet begins by listing the assets that are easily converted into cash: cash on hand, receivables and inventory. They are called current assets.
Next, the balance sheet lists other assets that have value but are more difficult to convert into cash – for example, buildings and equipment.
These are called fixed or long-term assets.
Since most long-term assets, exceptland, depreciateover time, the company must also include accumulated depreciation in this part of the calculation. Property, plant and equipment minus accumulated depreciation equal the current book value of property, plant and equipment.
WORDLIST
1. recent [`ri:sǝnt] – последний, недавний
2. to compare [kǝm`pɛǝ] – сравнивать, сличать
3. to compare with/to – сравнивать с…
comparison [kǝm`pærisn] – сравнение
4. to divide [di`vaid] – делить, разделять
to divide into… - делить на …
5. to contain [kǝn`tein] – содержать
6. either of [aiðǝ] – любой из двух , тот или другой
7. no longer – больше не
8. pattern [`pætǝn] – образец, модель
9. layout [`lei`aut] – план, разбивка
10. to emphasize [`emfǝsaiz] – подчеркивать, придавать особое значение
11. marketable securities [`ma:kǝtǝbǝl si`kjuritiz] – легко реализуемые ценный бумаги
12. depreciation [di,pri:ʃi`eiʃǝn] – амортизация
13. accumulated depreciation – накопленная амортизация (сумма амортизационных отчислений с даты первоначальной покупки актива до настоящего момента)
14. intangibles [in`tænʤǝblz] – нематериальные активы
15. debt [det] – долг
short-term debt - текущая (краткосрочная) задолженность
16. to accrue [ǝ`kru:]– увеличиваться, накопляться
accrued expenses – начисленные расходы
17. income tax payable – подлежащий уплате подоходный налог
18. long-term dept – долгосрочная задолженность
19. to contribute to [kǝn`tribju:t] – содействовать, способствовать
contributed capital – внесенный (оплаченный) капитал
20. retained earnings [ri`teind `ǝ:niŋz] – нераспределенная прибыль
21. to arrange [ǝ`reinʤ] – располагать, ранжировать
22. to rearrange – перестраивать, переделывать
23. to increase [in`kri:s] – возрастать, увеличивать(ся)
to increase the assets – увеличивать активы на… до…
by… to
ant. to decrease [di`kri:s] – уменьшать(ся)
24. increase in smth [`inkri:s] – увеличение чего-л.
ant. decrease in smth [`di:kri:s] – уменьшение чего-л.
25. except [ik`sept] – кроме, исключая
26. depreciate [di`pri:ʃieit] – амортизировать(ся), начислять амортизацию
27. calculation [,kælkju`leiʃǝn] – расчет, подсчет
28. to calculate [`kælkjuleit] – вычислять, подсчитывать
29. to apologize [ǝ`pᴐlǝʤaiz] – извиняться, просить прощения
30. apology [ǝ`pᴐlǝʤi] – извинение
WORK ON THE TEXTS
Text A
Ex.1. Найдите в тексте соответствие русским фразам.
1. Баланс включает не только самый последний год, но и предыдущий.
2. Это позволяет нам сравнивать работу компании за последние несколько лет.
3. Таким образом, баланс разделен на две части…
4. … слева расположены активы, справа – пассивы и акционерный капитал.
5. Обе стороны всегда равны друг другу.
6. В колонку активов бухгалтеры вносят все имеющиеся товары и собственность, а также все денежные требования, которые предстоит получить.
7. В колонку пассивов они вносят все долги, причитающиеся к оплате.
8. Существуют два формата баланса – традиционный горизонтальный формат и вертикальный формат.
9. Компания может подготовить свой баланс в любом из двух форматов.
10. Традиционный горизонтальный формат больше не используется в Англии и США.
11. Горизонтальный формат всё ещё является основной моделью в некоторых странах.
12. Горизонтальный формат подчёркивает мысль о том, что активы равняются капиталу плюс пассивы.
13. Данные баланса чрезвычайно полезны, когда они сравниваются с информацией предыдущего года.
14. Это расположение подчёркивает баланс между активами и пассивами.
15. Легко реализуемые ценные бумаги.
16. Дебиторская задолженность.
17. Товарно-материальные запасы.
18. Предварительно оплаченные расходы.
19. Суммарные оборотные активы.
20. Суммарные капитальные активы.
21. Минус накопленная амортизация.
22. Чистая стоимость капитальных активов.
23. Нематериальные активы (гудвилл, потенты) за минусом амортизации.
24. Суммарные активы.
25. Кредиторская задолженность.
26. Краткосрочная задолженность.
27. Начисленные расходы.
28. Подоходные доходы к уплате.
29. Суммарные текущие активы.
30. Долгосрочная задолженность.
31. Суммарные пассивы.
32. Внесённый (оплаченный) капитал.
33. Нераспределённая прибыль.
34. Суммарный капитал акционеров.
35. Суммарные пассивы и акционерный капитал.
Ex.2. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится, что
- The balance sheet data usually cover two years – the recent year and the previous one.
- There are two layouts of the balance sheet.
- Both formats are used in different countries.
- Both sides of the horizontal format are equal.
- Current and fixed assets are placed in the assets column.
- In the liabilities section bookkeepers include all the debts which are to be collected.
- Horizontally the balance sheet underlines that Assets = Liabilities + Equity.
- Comparison of two years gives a clear picture of the company’s performance.
Ex. 3. Выразите согласие или несогласие.
- The balance sheet is listing of all assets and liabilities at the end of a given accounting period.
- Both horizontal and vertical formats present the same information but in different ways.
- Both formats are widely used in the UK and the USA.
- The vertical format makes comparisons more difficult.
- The horizontal format is easier to work with.
Ex. 4. Проверьте, как вы поняли текст. Ответьте на вопросы.
- What does the balance sheet reflect?
- What helps to measure the company’s performance over the last years?
- What layouts are practiced in bookkeeping?
- What does the horizontal formats underline?
- What is shown on the left?
- What is shown on the right?
- What is contained in the assets column?
- What is contained in the liabilities column?
- What equation is emphasized in the horizontal format?
Ex. 5. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами из рамки.
The Balance Sheet
Assets, are owed, position, format, appears, liabilities |
The balance sheet is like a snapshot at a particular moment in time giving the financial ___ of a business. ___ are the things that a business owns or sums that ___ to the business at any one moment in time.
A balance sheet typically ___ in a vertical ___.
The balance sheet starts off by listing all the assets. Next come the ___. Finally, the owners’ capital is shown to balance the balance sheet.
TEXT B
Ex.5. Найдите в тексте соответствие русским фразам.
1. Вертикальный формат использует те же самые данные, но перераспределяет активы и пассивы плюс акционерный капитал.
2. Вертикальный формат подчёркивает мысль о том, что активы минус пассивы равняются капиталу.
3. Вертикальный формат широко используется во всех типах предприятий…
4. … форма представления в вертикальном формате облегчает сравнение с предыдущими годами.
5. … увеличила суммарные пассивы на … и увеличила свои суммарные активы на …
6. Не было изменений в акционерном капитале.
7. Баланс начинается с перечисления активов, которые легко конвертируются в наличность.
8. … кассовая наличность, дебиторская задолженность и товарно-материальные запасы.
9. Они называются оборотными (текущими) активами.
10. … в балансе перечисляются активы, имеющие стоимость, но которые труднее реализуются.
11. Они называются фиксированными или долгосрочными активами.
12. Поскольку долгосрочные активы, за исключением земли, со временем амортизируются …
13. … то компания включает накопленную амортизацию в расчёт
14. Недвижимость, машины и оборудование за минусом накопленной амортизации равняется текущей балансовой стоимости недвижимости, машин и оборудования.
Ex. 7. Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых говорится, что
- The same information is contained in both formats.
- The horizontal format expresses the idea that Assets - Liabilities = Equity.
- The vertical presentation is very popular in all kinds of businesses.
- Comparisons with the previous years are much easier in the vertical presentation.
- The assets are listed in the descending (нисходящий) order of their liquidity.
- Two types of assets are listed in the balance sheet – current assets and fixed (long-term) assets.
- Accumulated depreciation is to be included in the assets column.
- Book value represents fixed assets minus depreciation.
Ex. 8. Выразите согласие или несогласие.
- The vertical format is widely used in businesses.
- The vertical presentation makes comparison more difficult.
- The assets column lists all the assets without any order.
- Fixed assed are listed first.
- Accumulated depreciation is always included.
Ex. 9. Проверьте, как вы поняли текст. Ответьте на вопросы.
- What idea does the vertical format underline?
- What makes the vertical presentation easy for analysis?
- In what order are the assets arranged?
- Why should accumulated depreciation be included?
- What is the book value of the fixed assets?
Ex. 10. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами из рамки.
The Balance Sheet
equation, investment, owners’ equity, reports, resources, obtained |
The balance sheet (or statement of financial position) presents a snapshot of a company’s ___ (i.e., its assets) and the claim against those resources (i.e., its liabilities and ___ or capital) at a specific point of time. The assets section of the balance sheet ___ the effects of all of the company’s past ___ decisions. The liabilities and owners’ equity section reports the effects of all of the company’s past financial decisions.
Capital is ___ from short and long-term creditors and from owners. Thus, the balance sheet reflects the following ___:
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Ex. 11. А) Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Remember: to conceal[kǝn`si:l] скрывать, утаивать
vital[`vaitl] очень важный
solvency[`sᴐlvǝnsi] платёжеспособность
obligation[,ᴐbli`geiʃǝn] обязательство
to meet an obligationвыполнять обязательство
ability[ǝ`biliti] способность
opinionмнение
to form an opinionсоставить мнение
Uses of the Balance Sheet
An analyst while analyzing a company said: “A balance sheet is like a bikini. What it shows is interesting, what it conceals is vital.”
Many others also ask what vital information is found behind the numbers. Is the company hiding any material information? Though the task of interpreting the balance sheet may be difficult, those who can do it often find answers to the problems on the horizon.
One such expert, Michael Murphy, editor of the business newspaper, believes that “potential problems of technology companies show up first on the balance sheet.”
The balance sheet provides information about the company’s present resource base and how those resources were financed. It gives useful information on the management of invested capital and about the solvencyand liquidity of the company. A review of the liabilities and owners’ capita shows the company’s financial obligationsand the interests of the owners and creditors. Such information shows the company’s financial position and its ability to meet its long-term obligations.
By examining the current assets and current liabilities, analysts can form an opinionof the company’sliquidity (its ability to meet short-term obligations).
б) Ответьте на вопросы.
- What do analysts think of the balance sheet?
- What information does the balance sheet provide?
- What answers does the balance sheet give?
- What does the analysis of the liabilities and owners’ capital show?
- How is the company’s liquidity reflected in the balance sheet?
REVISION EXERCISES
Ex. 12. Дайте развёрнутые ответы на вопросы.
- What does the balance sheet reflect?
- What layouts are practiced in bookkeeping?
- What does the horizontal format underline?
- What is shown on the left in the horizontal format?
- What is shown on the right in the horizontal format?
- What is contained in the assets column?
- What is contained in the liabilities column?
- What equation is emphasized in the horizontal format?
- What idea does the vertical format underline?
- What makes the vertical presentation helpful?
- In what order are the assets arranged?
- Why should accumulated depreciation be included in the balance sheet?
- What is the book value of the fixed assets?
Ex. 13. А) Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Remember: measure[`meʒǝ] измерять
tax authoritiesналоговые органы
employee[,imploi`i:] служащий, работник
fundsсредства
return on investmentдоход от инвестиций
to reveal[ri`vi:l] открывать, показывать, обнаруживать
mixсочетание, комбинация