Additional grammar revision test

1) Who speaks French in your family? I……

a) Have b) do c) am

2) When….you buy the new TV set?

a) Did b) were c) are

3) We…never been to London.

a) Had b) were c) have

4) Where….you going when I met you last night?

a) Did b) were c) are

5) ….your friend like to watch TV in the evening?

a) Do b) does c) is

6) What are you doing? – I…..reading a book.

a) Was b) am c) shall

7) We thought they…..be late.

a) Would b) shall c)will

8) Many new building……built in our town last year.

a) Had b) are c) were

9) The letter…..sent tomorrow.

a) will be b) has c) will

10) We want him to help us. Что мы хотим?

a) Помочь ему

b) Чтобы он помог нам

11) He is known to have been a gifted designer.

Что известно о нем?

a) Он был талантливым дизайнером

b) Он является талантливым дизайнером

12) My friend`s son has already brought the book.

Кто принес книгу?

a) Сын друга b) Друг сына

13)She is being looked at by him. Кто на кого смотрит?

a) Она на него b) Он на нее

14)Students are often asked by the teacher. Кто кого спрашивает?

a) Студенты преподавателя

b) Преподаватель студентов

15)She was followed by them. Кто за кем после- довал?

a) Она за ними b) Они за ней

16)Students are being examined. Экзамен закон- чился или продолжается?

a) Продолжается b) закончился

17)We knew of his having been invited to our party. Кто кого пригласил?

a) Он пригласил b) Его пригласили

18)All their work was good for nothing. Как сде- лали работу?

a) Хорошо b) Плохо

19) Anyone knows about it. Кто знает об этом?

a) Все b) Кто-то

20) The meeting (началось) at 5 o`clock.

a. Has begun b) Began c) Was beginning

21)At 5 o`clock yesterday I (ехал) to the station to catch the 5.15 train.

a. Was going b) Was gone c) Went

22) I (не перевел) this article yet.

a. Was not translating

b. Have not translated

c. Did not translate

23)She says that lectures on art (посещают) by many students.

a. Were attended

b. Are attended

c. Are attending

24)He (пришлось) read a lot of books to make this report

a. Was able to b) Had to c) Was allowed to

25) He said that he (учится) at the Institute.

a. Is studying b) Studies c) Studied

26)I shall not (не смогу) to go to the skating-rink with you tomorrow.

a. Be able b) Cannot c) Have

27) He will (разрешат) to go in for sports again.

a. Be able b) Have c) Be allowed

28)You (должны были) finish this work two weeks ago.

a. Had to be b) Had to c) Must be

29) (Умеет) your brother speak French?

a. Can b) May c) Must

30)When the academic year (закончится) we shall go to the country.

a. Is over

b. Will be over

c. Will have been over

31)We thought that you (приняли) their invita- tion.

a. Had accepted

b. Accepted

c. Have accepted

32)We were sure that you (будите принимать участие) in these sports events.

a. Will take part

b. Would take part

c. Would be taken

33) She says that he (будет слушать) to the tape.

a. Will listen b) Would listen c) Will be listen

34) Have you given them (какую-нибудь) work?

a. Some b) Any c) Something

35) (Кто-то) rang you up.

a. Somewhere b) Everybody c) Somebody

36) You can get this book (везде).

a. Everywhere b) Somewhere c) Anywhere

37)What language do you speak (лучше) English or French?

a. Better b) Worse c) Best

38) The weather today is (хуже) than yesterday.

a. Worse b) More c) Worst

39) Is there (что-нибудь) on the table?

a. Anything b) Something c) Everything

40) There isn`t (ничего) on the table.

a. Anything b) nothing c)some

41) He saw (никого).

a. Somebody b) anybody c) nobody

Additional texts HIV's history traced

Appendix 2

fected meat. Then one strain, called HIV-1, spread all over the world.

Researchers are still unclear exactly how HIV ar- rived in the United States. One hypothesis suggests that Canadian air steward GaetanDugas - dubbed Pa- tient Zero - brought in the disease and spread it to

Helen Pearson New evidence has emerged that HIV was racing through the US population long before doctors woke up to a new killer disease called AIDS. The study

might also help the hunt for an HIV vaccine.

Researchers have reconstructed the virus' past us- ing the few remaining blood samples taken during the 1980s from AIDS patients in New York, California and Georgia. They fed the HIV genetic sequences into a new type of statistical analysis that compares them with more contemporary ones, to estimate how fast the virus has changed and spread. The technique "looks back in time", says researcher Kenneth form Georgia.

The results support the idea that HIV arrived in the United States around 1968, long before the first AIDS cases appeared. AIDS was first reported in 1981 and was retrospectively recognized as having struck in the late 1970s. This is compatible with HIV's roughly ten-year incubation period. From the start, the virus probably spread like wildfire. The rapid spread of the virus might help to explain why the disease finally came to light. It could have been because spiraling numbers passed a critical point.

HIV is thought to have jumped from African chimpanzees into humans, perhaps when they ate in-

many homosexual partners.

The latest study, which includes Patient Zero's genetic sequence, fits a different scenario: that the dis- ease entered many different times independently. Even early in the epidemic, the group found, the viruses in different cities were distinct from one another.

This supports another popular theory: that HIV may have hitched a ride with tourists arriving from Haiti. The historical reconstruction also contains a les- son for today's vaccine researchers. Contemporary strains are more closely related to their ancestral ones than they are to each other.

This suggests that future vaccines, which re- searchers hope will prime the immune system to at- tack any HIV strain that they encounter, would be best based on an ancestral sequence. Early work on such vaccines is already under way, says Kenneth.

Bad news for HIV-vaccines?

Tom Clarke A patient with some immunity to one strain of HIV virus has become infected with another strain. This could spell trouble for urgently needed HIV vac-

cines, warn researchers. Others think the case has little

bearing on immunizing healthy people.

This alarming controversy has emerged on the eve of World AIDS day, as the United Nations an- nounces that more than 40 million people worldwide are now infected with the virus.

The patient had been on 'stop-start' HIV therapy. Under this regimen, a patient takes anti-HIV drugs un- til the virus is suppressed, and then they stop. When the virus rebounds, undamaged parts of their immune system that had recovered during treatment keep the virus in check, often for months. As the virus gradu- ally beats the immune system, they start taking the drugs again.

Several cycles into his treatment, the patient had "an extremely vigorous response to his virus", says Bruce Walker of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, who led the study. The patient then caught a second, different strain of HIV - probably from sex with another HIV-infected person - and his immune system collapsed rapidly.

This is the first case of so-called 'super infection' in someone who had immunity to their initial infec- tion. "We thought for a long time that if you get in- fected with one strain of HIV that you are well pro- tected from another," says Walker.

There are countless strains of HIV. The hope has been that a vaccination against one would lead to im- munity to the rest. The patient's second infection was caused by a closely related strain that is common in North America. "But it clearly was not something his immune system could deal with," says Walker.

Hopes for an effective HIV vaccine are far from dashed, however. It's probably not good news, but vaccinated healthy people are likely to be very differ- ent. Even at its best, the immune response of someone with HIV is never going to function normally. Indeed, the patient lacked cells that produce neutralizing anti- bodies to help destroy pathogens. Half his immune system was missing.

It is also possible that Walker's patient was a very rare case. It is not known how many HIV-positive people are exposed to other strains of the virus and fight them off.

There is one concrete conclusion from the study: it is imperative that safer sex be practiced during each encounter, even when both partners are HIV-infected.