Неличные формы глагола и синтаксические обороты

Функция	Инфинитив	Причастие	Герундий
сложное подлежащее	Не is known to study plants with utmost care. Известно, что он весьма тщательно изучает растения	Не was seen writing a report early in the morning. Видели, как он писал доклад рано утром.
подлежащее	For you to study the cell is impossible. Вы не можете изучить клетку этого растения.		His studying the plants thoroughly is quite natural as he is a skilled scientist. To, что он основательно изучает растения, вполне естественно, так как он хороший ученый.
сложное дополнение	The lecturer wants me to write a report as soon as possible. Лектор хочет, чтобы я написал этот доклад как можно скорее.	I saw him writing a report without any help. Я видел, как он писал доклад без всякой помощи.
предложное дополнение	We waited for him to start the lecture Мы ждали, когда он начнет лекцию.		I thought of starting the report later. Я думал о том, чтобы начать доклад позднее.
определение	The books to be studied have just arrived. Книги, которые нужно изучить только что прибыли.	The man writing the report is our best student. Человек, пишущий доклад, наш лучший студент.	This method of studying the cell is new. Это новый способ изучения клетки.
обстоятель-ство	We have come here to study your report. •Мы пришли сюда, чтобы ознакомиться с докладом.		We have come here for studying the report. Мы пришли сюда, чтобы изучить Ваш доклад.
обстоятель-ство причины и времени		The lecture having listened we shall be able to prepare the report. После того, как прослушаем лекцию, мы сможем подгото-вить доклад.

Почти все причастные обороты при переводе на русский язык передаются придаточными предложениями. Participle I и Participle II в функции определения переводятся причастиями и лишь иногда придаточными предложениями. Самостоятельный причастный оборот может переводиться предложением, присоединяемым союзами: и, а.

The Infinitive

Инфинитив без ”to” - после модальных глаголов; - после: to let, to make; - после : would rather , had better ,“would sooner; - в Complex Object после: to see, to watch, to hear, to feel, etc.

Формы инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	To plant	To be planted
Continuous	To be planting	-
Perfect	To have planted	To have been planted
Perfect Continuous	To have been planting	-

Pay attention to the use of the Active Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The association of organs with each other to carry outparticular functions results in organ systems.

2. Laboratory tests are frequently required to diagnose canine distemper.

3. A lot of families have pets to play with.

4. Specific tests to detect allergic antibodies to environmental allergens can be undertaken to confirm the diagnosis of allergy.

5. Immunization is a common method used to controland preventdisease in human and veterinary medicine.

6. To prevent infections of cats and other animals it is necessary to confine the animals to their home environment, avoiding exposure sources.

7. In breeds such as the bulldog, Pekingese and Pomeranian, narrowing of the nostrils and excessive length of the soft palate are often combined to cause difficulty in breathing.

8. To explain the problem we were interested in he demonstrated some diagrams.

9. A. Popov was the first to invent radio.

10. They are glad to have passed their examinations with excellent marks.

Pay attention to the use of the Passive Infinitive in the following sentences, state its function and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The article to be translated is rather difficult.

2. The problem to be studied in the shortest time possible is very important.

3. The new method to be used depends upon the natural conditions of the district.

4. The conference to be held in a few months will consider various ways of establishing contacts among scientists of different countries.

5. The articles to be found in that magazine will help you to solve the problem you are working at.

6. Many research workers of our Institute asked to be invited to take part in the expedition.

7. The problem was so interesting that they wanted to be answered their questions at once.