Шифр, специальность 5В011300 - «Биология»
Предмет « Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык»
Билет №21
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Law of limiting factors
So far we have looked at the effects of isolated factors. However, under natural conditions plants are subjected to many factors simultaneously. The law of limiting factors state that: when a physiological process depends on more than one essential factor being favourable, its rate at any given moment is limited by the factor at its least favourable value and by that factor alone. When other factors are kept constant, an improvement in the value of the limiting factor leads to an increase in the rate of the process. Conversely, when the rate of the process does not increase in response to an improvement in an important factor, some other factor is limiting to process. For a process to go at its maximum rate, all factors must be at their optimum level.
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Утверждено на заседании кафедры
протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2017 г.
Зав. кафедрой:_________________ Кайсагалиева Г.С
Утверждено на заседании УМС факультета
протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2017 г.
председатель УМС факультета_____________ Айманова Е.Е.
Западно-Казахстанский Государственный Университет им. М. Утемисова
Естественно-географический факультет
Кафедра Биологии и экологии
Шифр, специальность 5В011300 - «Биология»
Предмет « Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык»
Билет №22
1. Прочитать и перевести текст, выполнить задание к тексту.
Sex Determination
One of the most fascinating marine animals is the slipper limpet, a mollusc with the intriguing scientific name of Crepidula fornicate. It was given this name because it has the surprising ability to change its sex. The limpets are immobile for most of their lives, growing in chains. The sex of each limpet depends on its size and its position in the chain. The young, small individuals are males, with long tapering penises which fertilise females lower in the chain. In due course, when a male has grown and has been settled on by another smaller limpet, the male loses its penis and grows into a female. Thus large females occur at the base of the chain, with animals changing sex above them, and males at the apex. In this way, the limpets have been able to combine immobility with internal fertilisation.
Answerthesequestions.
1. Which marine animal is one of the most fascinating?
2.What is the ability of a slipper limpet?
3.From which the sex of each limpet depends?
2.Кратко пересказать содержание текста
3. Выполнить задания теста
Утверждено на заседании кафедры
протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2017 г.
Зав. кафедрой:_________________ Кайсагалиева Г.С
Утверждено на заседании УМС факультета
протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2017 г.
председатель УМС факультета_____________ Айманова Е.Е.
Западно-Казахстанский Государственный Университет им. М. Утемисова
Естественно-географический факультет
Кафедра Биологии и экологии
Шифр, специальность 5В011300 -«Биология»
Предмет « Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык»
Билет № 23
1. Прочитать и перевести текст, выполнить задание к тексту.
Plant Tissue Systems
Like other organisms, plant cell sare grouped together into various tissues. These tissues can be simple, consisting of a single cell type, or complex, consisting of more than one cell type. Above and beyond tissues, plants also have a higher level of structure called plant tissue systems. There are three types of tissue systems: dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue systems. The dermal tissue system consists of the epidermis and the periderm. The epidermis is generally a single layer of closely packed cells. It both covers and protects the plant. It can be thought of as the plant's "skin". Depending on the part of the plant that it covers, the dermal tissue system can be specialized to a certain extent. For instance, the epidermis of a plant's leaves secretes a coating called the cuticle that helps the plant retain water. The epidermis in plant leaves and stems also contain pores called stomata. The periderm, also called bark, replaces the epidermis in plants that undergo secondary growth. The periderm is multilayered as opposed to the single layered epidermis. It consists of cork cells (phellem), phelloderm, and phellogen (cork cambium). Cork cells are nonliving cells that cover the outside of stems and roots to protect and provide insulation for the plant. The ground tissue system synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plant and provides storage for the plant. It is mostly made up of parenchyma cells but can also include some collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells as well. Parenchyma cells synthesize and store organic products in a plant. Most of the plant's metabolism takes place in these cells. Parenchyma cells in leaves control photosynthesis. Collenchyma cells have a support function in plants, particularly in young plants. These cells help to support plants while not restraining growth due to their lack of secondarycell wallsand the absence of a hardening agent in their primary cell walls. Sclerenchyma cells also have a support function in plants, but unlike collenchyma cells, they have a hardening agent and are much more rigid. Xylem and phloem throughout the plant make up the vascular tissue system. They allow water and other nutrients to be transported throughout the plant. Xylem is consists of two types of cells known as tracheids and vessel elements. Trаcheids and vessel elements form tube-shaped structures that provide pathways for water and minerals to travel from the roots to the leaves..