List of plants used in herbalism

Дәрілікшөпретіндепайдалануғаболатынөсімдіктертізімі

Бұл дәрілік шөпретінде қолданылып келе жатқан өсімдіктер тізімі. Маңызды биологиялық функцияларды атқаратын көп түрдегі химиялық қосылыстарды синтездеу әрі насекомдар, саңырауқұлақтар және шөппен азықтанатын сүтқоректілер сынды қаскөйлерден қорғану қабілеті. Осы тектес қосылыстардан қазірге дейін кемінде 12000 түрі алынған. Бұл болжанған жалпы мөлшердің10 пайызына да жетпейді. Бұл фитохимикаттар қанттар мен майларды өз ішіне алған бастапқы метаболиттер және қосалқы метаболиттерге бөлінеді. Қосалқы метаболиттер өсімдіктердің кей түрлерінде ғана болатын арнайы қызмет атқаратын қосылыстар болып табылады. Мәселен, олардың кейбірі жыртқыштардан қорғанатын у болса, енді біреулері насекомдарды тозаңдандыруға тарту үшін қолданылады. Емдік рөл атқаратын әрі өңдеу арқылы дәрі жасалатын міне осы қосалқы матаболиттер. Айтар болсақ, нарғызгүл тамырынан алынатын инулин, хина ағашы қабығынан алынатын хинин, көкнәрден алынатын морфин мен кодеин, және оймақгүлден алынатын дигоксин. Өсімдіктердегі химиялық қосылыстар өз әсерінбәріміз жақсы білетінәдеттегі дәрілерде жүретін үдерістерге ұқсас тигізеді. Сондықтан дәрі шөптер медицинасы кәдімгі дәрілерден аса айырмашылығы жоқ. Яғни дәрі шөптер медицинасы әдеттегі медицина сияқты пайдасы да зияны да бар.

Еуропада фармацевтер шөп ингредиенттерін дәрілер үшін сақтаған. (Линнаеус атау берген) өсімдіктердің латынша атауында officinalis сөзі өсімдіктіңемдеуде қолданылғанын көрсетеді. Мәселен, жараны жұмсарту үшін қолданылып келген айдаргүлдің Althea officinalis деген классификациясы бар. Аюрведа, дәрі шөптер медицинасы және дәстүрлі Қытай медицинасы өсімдіктерді емдік ретінде қолданудың мысалдары. Фармакогнозия - өсімдіктерден жасалған дәрілер жайындағы осызаман медицинасының бір тармағы. Мұнда берілген өсімдіктер емдік тұрғыда кемінде бір рет қолданылған өсімдіктер.

Вопросы:

1) Do you reckon that the herbivorous mammals are the predators of plants?

2) Is it beneficial to consume phytochemicals?

3) At least how many such compounds have been isolated so far?

4) Name the two metabolites the phytochemicals divided into.

5) Contrast the primary and secondary metabolites of phytochemicals.

6) Why dose the marsh mallow has the classification Althea officinalis?

3-ші топик

Kazakhstan

I want to tell you about my homeland. My homeland is Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is an independent Republic. It is situated in the Central Asia. Its population, is 16 million. All people of Kazakhstan have equal rights and duties. Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan. The territory of Kazakhstan is huge. It borders on China in the East and the Caspian Sea in the West, Russian in the North and the states of Asia in the South. The republic occupies the territory of more than 2 million square kilometers. . Kazakhstan has 14 regions, 84 cities.

The earth of Kazakhstan is full of iron and gold, coal, nickel and raw materials. Also Kazakhstan is rich in mineral resources. These reserves formed a solid base for the development of heavy industry. The leading branch of agriculture is the production of wheat, sheep rising, and horse breeding. Kazakh-is the official language of the country, but Russian and other languages are spoken here too. Kazakhstan has hundreds of nationalities that's why all people speak their native language.

Great attention is paid to the development of culture and education the Kazakhstan University, the Opera and Ballet Theater named after Abai Kunanbayev are well known.
There are many big industrial centers in Kazakhstan such as Karaganda, Almaty, Semey, and Shymkent.

Kazakhstan is the place where space dreams and projects have come into reality. The name of Baikonur is known all over the world. We are proud of Kazakhstan and hope it will have a great future. Our president now is Nursultan Nazarbayev. The president is elected every seven years.
The climate is strongly continental. KZ- has its own flag, anthem and national traditions and holidays. I think the most important holiday in our country is- Nayris. The Day of Republic is on the 25th of October. I'm proud of my country.

3-ші топик

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially Republic of Kazakhstan, has the population of 15,186,000 people and territory 2,719,500 sq km, is situated in central Asia. It borders on Siberian Russia in the north, China in the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south, and the Caspian Sea and European Russia in the west. Astana is the capital and Almaty (Alma-Ata) is the largest city. Other major cities include Shymkent, Semey, Aktobe, and Oskemen.

Kazakhstan consists of a vast flatland, bordered by a high mountain belt in the southeast. It extends from the lower Volga and the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mts. in the east. It is largely lowland in the north and west, hilly in the center (Kazakh Hills), and mountainous in the south and east (Tian Shan and Altai ranges). Kazakhstan is a region of inland drainage; the Syr Darya, the Ili, the Chu, and other rivers drain into the Aral Sea and Lake Balkash. Most of the region is desert or has limited and irregular rainfall.

The population of Kazakhstan consists mainly of Muslim Kazakhs and Russians; there are smaller minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Uzbeks, and Tatars. Kazakh, a Turkic language, is the official tongue, but Russian is still widely used.

Despite Kazakhstan's largely arid conditions, its vast steppes accommodate both livestock and grain production. Wheat, cotton, sugar beets, and tobacco are the main crops. The raising of cattle and sheep is also important, and Kazakhstan produces much wool and meat. In addition, there are rich fishing grounds, famous for their caviar-producing sturgeon, in the Caspian, although these have been hurt by overfishing.

The Kazakh Hills in the core of the region have important mineral resources. Coal is mined at Qaraghandy and Ekibastuz, and there are major oil fields in the Emba basin. The country's industries are located along the margins of the country. Steel, agricultural and mining machinery, superphosphate fertilizers, phosphorus acids, artificial fibers, synthetic rubber, textiles, and medicines are among the manufactured goods. Temirtau is the iron and steel center.

Scientist

The field of biology has seen many important discoveries throughout the centuries. From vaccines to theories of the beginning and progression of life on Earth, the many discoveries have improved not only our understanding of history but also our quality of living. The following is a list of the greatest biologists of all time, along with their most significant contributions to the scientific world.

Charles Darwin (1809–1882) Famous For: Theory of Evolution After attending the University of Cambridge and taking up medicine at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, Darwin was considered a naturalist. As a biologist, he proposed the concept that “all species of life” came from a single source. His theory of evolution marked the beginning of the discussion on natural selection.	Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) Famous For: Modern Genetics When he wrote “Experiments on Plant Hybridization”, he paved the way for biology students to study genetic traits in peas. During his experiments, Gregor found that a specific trait would be dominant over other traits in the same species. This became to be recognized as the Mendelian inheritance.
Aristotle (384–322 BC) Famous For: Classified organisms into a “Ladder of Life” Aristotle is forever linked with philosophy and logic. Few associate him with biology and medicine. His work on the classification of living things was still in use up to the 19th century. He differentiated them by calling animals and plants as he saw them, with blood, without blood, and so on.	Claude Bernard (1813–1878) Famous For: Blind experimental method for objective results Born in Saint Julien, France in 1813, Claude Bernard has been considered “one of the greatest of all men of science.” He fostered the use of blind experiments in order to produce objective results. He also believed that vivisection, the use of surgery on a living thing for knowledge, was useful in the study and practice of medicine.
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) Famous For: Created the process of pasteurization for treating milk and wine As one of the founders of medical microbiology, Louis Pasteur’s education in the field of chemistry and microbiology may be credited with his success. His germ theory of disease became the catalyst to his process we know as pasteurization.	Robert Hooke (1635–1703) Famous For: Coined the term “cell” Born on 1635 in the Isle of Wight, England, Robert Hooke received his higher education at Oxford University where he studied physics and chemistry. His work included the application what is known today as Hooke’s law, his use of microscopy, and for the discovery of the “cell” in 1665 using cork and a microscope.
Hippocrates (c.460–370 BC) Famous For: The Father of Western Medicine Considered the “father of western medicine”, he is the first person to attribute diseases to natural causes rather than caused by the superstition that it is caused by gods. More importantly was his professional approach and discipline in the practice of medicine during his time, which has been carried over to this day.	Edward Jenner (1749–1823) Famous For: Creating the first effective vaccine for smallpox Edward Jenner is considered as the “father of immunology” mainly because of his pioneering work on the smallpox vaccine and the use of vaccination. Born in Berkeley, England in 1749, he specialized in microbiology at the University of St. Andrews and the University of London.
Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) Famous For: Observing metabolism Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was a French biologist and chemist born in 1743 in Paris. He is credited with the naming of hydrogen, oxygen, and silicon. This has led him to be considered the father of modern chemistry. As a biologist, Lavoisier identified that living things generated heat, leading to the concept of metabolism.	Rachel Carson (1907–1964) Famous For: Movement against using pesticides Rachel Louise Carson was a marine biologist born in Springdale, Pennsylvania in 1907. Carson is credited with creating awareness for the preservation of the environment. She led the crusade against the use of DDT in the United States of America, which resulted in the creation of the EPA, Environmental Protection Agency.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) Famous For: The Father of Microbiology Antoine Philips van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Netherlands in 1632. His interest in lensmaking and curiosity led him to be the first to observe single cell organisms. He is considered a biologist and microscopist which has earned him the distinction of being the father of microbiology.
Galen (129–161 AD) Famous For: First to introduce medicinal experimentation The world of science and medicine would not be the same without the early work of Galen, also known as Galen of Pergamon, Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus. He is viewed as the top medical researchers of his time, 129-200 AD. His contributions include those in the field of anatomy, logic, neurology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology.	Joseph Lister (1827–1912) Famous For: Using antiseptics for cleaning and sterilizing wounds Joseph Lister was born in 1827 in the city of Upton, Essex, England where he attended the University of London, and later in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh and University of Glasgow. He became a surgeon and pioneered the work of antiseptic or sterile surgery. He used carbolic acid to cleanse wounds and to sterilize instruments used for surgery.
Robert Brown (1773–1858) Famous For: Discovered the cell nucleus Specializing in botany, Scottish born Robert Brown introduced the model that help describe random movements of cells which is known as particle theory, or more aptly, Brownian motion. Among his contributions to the world of science was his description in detail of the cell nucleus in all living things.	Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) Famous For: Believed to have discovered oxygen An Englishman born in 1733, Joseph Priestly’s contribution to the world of science includes his identification of oxygen in its gaseous state. His other work includes the invention of soda water and discovery of other “gases.” Of course, his most famous discovery of “dephogisticated air”, oxygen, remains his most famous discovery.
Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) Famous For: On the Fabric of the Human Body Born in Brussels, Habsburg Netherlands in 1514, Andreas Vesalius is the noted author of one of the earliest books on anatomy, “On the Fabric of the Human Body.” He is considered as the “founder of modern human anatomy”. He served as the royal physician under Emperor Charles V and as professor at the University of Padua in Italy.