Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.

1. (Материаловедение и технология конструкционных материалов) is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated (чтобы отвечать требованиям современной технологии).

2. (Используя лабораторные методы) and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists (ищут) new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

3. All materials (реагируют на) these forces by (упругой деформацией).

4. The materials may also have (не упругую деформацию) or they may (ломаться).

5. The results of external forces are (ползучесть) and (усталость метала).

6. When (металлический прут) is bent, one side of it (растягивается) and subjected to a (силе растяжения), and the other side (сжимается).

7. ( при растяжении), a material usually stretches, (возвращаясь) to its original length if the force does not exceed (предел упругости материала).

8. (Усталость металла) occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to (повторяющемуся или циклическому напряжению) or cyclic stress, such as (вибрация).

9. Knowledge of (о напряжение растяжения, пределе упругости), and the resistance of materials (к ползучести) and (усталости металла)e are of basic importance in engineering.

10. (Ползучесть) is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material.

13. Choose a phrase from the list below that has the same meaning as the italicized phrase:

can be fabricated	respond	Technology	Tension	Fatigue
vibration	fracture	elastic limit	external	occur
Creep

1. Materials Science and the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes is the study of materials and how they can be manufactured to meet the needs of modern technology.

2. Engineers must know how materials do something as a reaction to forces that come from outside, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending and shear.

3. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may break.

4. A strained state or condition resulting from forces acting in opposition to each other is a pulling force.

5. Extreme tiredness resulting from physical exertion is the growth of cracks under stress.

6. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress.

7. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape the, failure of the material can be found to be under a particular set of conditions even after a short time.

8. Undergo gradual deformation under stress is a slow, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material.

14. Choose the correct variant without consulting the text. In case you fail to do it, revive the corresponding material:

1. …. is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology.
a. Strength of materials	b. Materials Science and Technology	c. Automation and Robotics
2. Engineers must know how materials respond to …. .
a. internal forces	b. humidity	c. external forces
3. All materials respond to these forces by … .
a. elastic deformation	b. rupture of material	c. pulling force
4. … is a pressure causing a decrease in volume
a. Fatigue	b. Creep	c. Compression
5. is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight.
a. Torsion	Tension	Elastic deformation
6. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in … .
a. engineering	b. sociology	c.phisics
7. … is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material.
a. Vibration	b. Compression	c. Creep
8. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to … of the material
a. deformation	b. the rupture	c. streching

15. Complete the following sentences:

1. Materials Science and Technology is the study … and how they can ... .to

2. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding …. .

3.Engineers must know how materials respond to …. .

4. The materials may also have … or they ….

5. Compression is … .

6. Tension is … .

7. Under larger tensions, the material does not … , and under greater forces … .

8. Fatigue is … .

9. Knowledge of …. , … , and … and … are of basic importance in … .

10. Creep is …

11. Creep … leads to … of the material. 

16. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as:

I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see…; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let’s put it this way…; I’ll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That’s a good question.; That’s a difficult question. Let me see….

1. What are the external forces that cause the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2. What are the results of external forces?

3. What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4. What is the result of tension?

5. What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

6. What do we call fatigue? When does it occur?

7. What are the results of fatigue? 

8. What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place?

9. What are the results of creep?

17. Match the following definitions with their terms:

scientist	the action of compressing or being compressed
laboratory	is a twisting effect on something such as a piece of metal or an organ of the body
tension	a person who is studying or has expert knowledge of one or more of the natural or physical sciences
compression	weakness in metal or other materials caused by repeated variations of stress
torsion	the gradual deformation of materials under stress
fatigue	a room or building equipped for scientific experiments, research, or teaching, or for the manufacture of drugs or chemicals
creep	apply a force to (something) which tends to stretch it

18. Speak on the following topic:

· How materials react to external forces.