Exercise 10. Write an essay on one of the given topics.
1. Scientific Methods in Sociology.
2. Sociological Schools.
3. A Famous Sociologist.
Unit 11.
MARRIAGE
Warm up
Exercise 1. Match the English words on the left with their Russian equivalents on the right. Learn the words by heart.
| 1. a marriage | а) предпринимать; |
| 2. a nuclear family | b) пара; |
| 3. an extended family | c) родственник; |
| 4. to undertake | d) замужество, женитьба; |
| 5. a relative | e) позволять, разрешать; |
| 6. to forbid | f) нуклеарная семья (семья, состоящая из родителей и детей); |
| 7. to permit | g) предпочитать; |
| 8. to prefer | h) расширенная семья (включая ближайших родственников); |
| 9. a couple | i) поддерживать, способствовать; |
| 10. to support | j) запрещать. |
READING
Exercise 2. Read and translate the following text. Use the dictionary when necessary.
Forms of Marriage
Marriage is a socially recognized union between two or more individuals that typically involves sexual and economic rights and duties. It marks the start of a nuclear family or the expansion and continuation of an extended family. In either case, marriage is backed by strong social sanctions. Although we may feel that we are “free” to make our own decisions about whether and whom to marry, there are, in fact, powerful social forces pushing us into marriage and into selection of an “appropriate” partner.
One way societies undertake to regulate marriage is through norms that define the range of potential marriage partners available to an individual. Endogamy is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from withinhis or her own group – tribe, nationality, religion, race, community, or other social grouping. Exogamy is a rule that requires a person to marry someone from outsidehis or her own group. These regulations frequently operate as a circle within a circle. The rule of exogamy bars marriage within a small inner circle, whereas the rule of endogamy stipulates the limits of the outer social circle that the individual is not to exceed. Among the early Hebrews, for instance, incest taboos operated as exogamous norms curtailing marriage among close relatives whereas endogamous norms forbade marriage with non-Jewish outsiders. Within the United States rules of exogamy have extended incest taboos outward roughly to second cousin relationships, whereas rules of endogamy, until loosened in recent decades, served to forbid interracial and in some cases interethnic and interreligious marriages.
Marriage relationships may be structured in four basic ways: monogamy, one husband and one wife; polygyny, one husband and two or more wives; polyandry, one wife and two or more husbands; and group marriage, two or more husbands and two or more wives. Although monogamy is found in all societies, only about 20 percent of the 238 societies in Murdock’s cross-cultural sample were strictly monogamous. In contrast, four-fifths of the societies permitted polygyny. But in most of these societies, few married men actually had more than one wife. Typically only economically advantaged men can afford to support more than one family. Thus in China, India, and the Moslem nations, polygyny was usually limited to the wealthy.
Polyandry is quite rare, being found in less than 1 percent of the societies in Murdock’s sample. And where it is found, it typically does not allow women free sexual choice of male partners. The most prevalent form of polyandry is fraternal, or the sharing of a spouse by brothers, the practice among the non-Hindu Todas of southern India. Apparently few disputes or jealousies arose among Todas brothers because they did not view women as sexual property. Since the biological father of a child remained unknown, the Todas socially established paternity by a ceremony in which one of the husbands would present a toy bow and arrow to the mother-to-be. It seems that the polyandrous arrangement evolved among the Todas as an adjustment to poverty. Their subsistence being precarious, a man could have a wife and child only by sharing the burden of their support with other men. Further, polyandry kept the birthrate in check. Since a woman could have only one child a year, it did not matter how many sexual partners she had.
Group marriage also appears relatively rarely and then not as the preferred cultural arrangement. It has been reported among the Kaingang of Brazil, the Dieri of Australia, the Chuckchee of Siberia, and the Marque-san Islanders. On occasion it arises out of some combination of polygyny and polyandry or out of the sharing of sexual privileges among couples.