Sanitary engineering in the modern town

Tasks before reading:

1. Choose suitable Russian words to English terms. Explain their meaning

transmission	1 .основной
occupants	2. составные части
comfort	3. удобство
concepts	4. доля, часть
components	5. жители
fundamental	6. передача
locate	7. вырабатывать, производить
generate	8. размещать
component	9. понятия
proportion	10. составляющий элемент

2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.

Efficiency1.Панельное отопление

contamination of the air 2. котел

loss of heart 3. Медные трубы

central heating 4.Центральное отопление

hot-water heating system 5. Система водяного отопления

steam heating system 6. Паровое отопление

panel heating system 7. Загрязнение воздуха

atmospheric environment 8. Потеря тепла

copper pipes 9. Атмосферная среда

boiler10.производительность, кпд

3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text

Panel Heating

(1) Heating and ventilation are two branches of engineering which are very closely connected, they are therefore treated as a dual subject. Both are concerned with providing a required atmospheric environment within a space, the former with respect to heat supply to produce a desired temperature for maintaining comfort, health or efficiency of the occupants, the latter with regard to supply and removal of air frequently with emphasis on contamination of the air. Air-conditioning is closely related to both heating and ventilation arid will therefore be dealt with later.

(2)It is for heating to prevent the too rapid loss of heat from the body. By heating the ambient air of walls, ceiling or floor the rate of heat loss from the body is controlled. Some old concepts of heating were gradually changed since engineers obtained more precise knowledge about how the body loses heat. Insufficient attention was paid formerly to loss by radiation, which is the transmission of energy in the form of waves from a body to surrounding bodies at a temperature. The human being also loses heat by conduction (through his clothes) and convection, the latter by air currents not only past his skin or outside clothing surface but also by evaporation of moisture from his skin (respiration). The determining of the capacity or size of the various components of the heating system is based on the fundamental concept that heat supplied to a space equals heat lost from the space. The most widely used system of heating is the central heating, where the fuel is burned in one place—the basement or a specially designed room and from which steam, hot water or warm air is distributed to adjacent and remote spaces to be heated.

(3)There are two most common systems of heating—hot water and steam. Both systems are widely used nowadays. A hot-water system consists of the boilers and a system of pipes connected to radiators suitably located in rooms to be heated. The pipes, usually of steel or copper, feed hot water to radiators or convectors which give up their heat to the room. The water, now cooled, is returned to the boiler for reheating.

(4)As for steam systems, steam is generated usually, at less than 5 pounds per square inch in the boiler and the steam is led to the radiators through or by means of steel or copper pipes. The steam gives up its heat to the radiators and the radiator to the room and the cooling of the steam condenses it to water. The condensate is returned to the boiler either by gravity or by a pump. The air valve on each radiator is necessary for air to escape. Otherwise it would prevent steam from entering the radiator.

(5) Recent efforts to completely conceal heating equipment have resulted in an arrangement whereby the fluid, whether it be hot water, steam, air, or electricity, is circulated through distribution units embedded in the building construction. Panel heating is a method of introducing heat to rooms in which the emitting surfaces are usually completely concealed in the floor, walls, or ceiling. The heat is disseminated from such panels partly by radiation and partly by convection, the relative amounts depending on the panel location. Ceiling panels release the largest proportion of heat by radiation and floor panels the smallest. The proportion of heat disseminated by radiation and convection is also dependent to some extent upon panel-surface temperatures. The basic advantage claimed for a panel healing system is that of comfort.

(6)Application of certain panels is frequently restricted by structural details. Other factors to be considered are type of occupancy, furniture or equipment location, large glass areas, heat-storing capacity of building construction, room height, possible change of wall partitions, climate, exposure, and first cost.

As for fuels used for heating buildings they include coal, oil, manufactured and natural gases and wood. There are two other sources: electricity and steam. Nowadays gas fuel is being used on an ever increasing level.

Tasks after reading:

4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words

cooling 1. потолок

space 2. обеспечивать

maintain 3. отопление

removal 4. Окружающая среда

contamination 5.паровое отопление

loss 6. определение

precise 7. получать, изобретать

equal 8. равный

heat supply 9. применение

environment 10. удаление

to obtain 11. потеря

determination 12. точный

provide 13. загрязнение

steam heating 14. охлаждение

ceiling 15. поддерживать

16. пространство

17. топливо

5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text

1. The human being loses heat by conduction and convection. 2. Heating is a branch of engineering which is concerned with providing heat supply to produce a desired temperature within a space. 3. A hot-water system consists of the boilers and a system of pipes.

6.Put these sentences in order according to the text

I. Fuels used for heating buildings. 2. Some old concepts of heating. 3. The principle of central heating.

7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion

1.What are heating and ventilation concerned with?

a) Heating and ventilation deal with supply and removal of air; b) Heating and ventilation are concerned with providing a required atmospheric environment within a space; c) Heating and ventilation are meant for heat supply to produce a desired temperature.

2.Why do industrial buildings maintain a lower air temperature?

a) Industrial buildings maintain a lower temperature because it is necessary for the machinery they have; b) Industrial buildings where the degree of activity is high maintain a lower air temperature because the heat loss from the body is greater and a compensatory heat balance is provided; c) Industrial buildings maintain low temperatures because they have great amount of outside wall space and lose considerable amounts of the heat supplied.

3.What is the basic advantage of panel heating?

a) The basic advantage of panel heating is that of comfort; b) The basic advantage of panel heating is that of heat being uniformly disseminated: c) The basic advantage of panel heating is its low cost.

8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them

1. What makes panel heating so very comfortable? 2. What does a hot-water system consist of? 3. What is the most widely used system of heating?

9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?

1. This branch of engineering is concerned with supply and removal of air with emphasis on contamination of the latter. 2. This system consists of the boilers and a system of pipes connected with radiators located in rooms. 3. There is a certain method of introducing heat to rooms in which the emitting surfaces are usually completely concealed in the floor, walls or ceilings. 4. This branch of engineering has gradually come to be associated with cleaning of air.